AP World: after 1900 (units 7, 8, 9)

7.1: Shifting Power

-The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end.

-The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution.

-States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.

7.2: Causes of World War I

The causes of World War I included imperialist expansion and competition for resources. In addition, territorial and regional conflicts combined with a flawed alliance system and intense nationalism to escalate the tensions into global conflict.

7.3: Conducting World War I

-World War I was the first total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies) for the purpose of waging war.

-New military technology led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

7.4: Economy in the Interwar Period

-Following World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life.

-In the Soviet Union, the government controlled the national economy through the Five Year Plans, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

Government intervention in the economy

-The New Deal

-The fascist corporatist economy

-Governments with strong popular support in Brazil and Mexico

7.5: Unresolved Tensions After World War I

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance.

Territorial gains

-Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates

-Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Anti-imperial resistance

-Indian National Congress

-West African resistance (strikes/congresses) to French rule

7.6: Causes of World War II

The causes of World War II included the unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

7.7: Conducting World War II

-World War II was a total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies) for the purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state's resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond.

-New military technology and new tactics, including the atomic bomb, fire-bombing, and the waging of "total war" led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

Western democracies mobilizing for war

-Great Britain under Winston Churchill

-United States under Franklin Roosevelt

Totalitarian states mobilizing for war

-Germany under Adolf Hitler

-USSR under Joseph Stalin

7.8: Mass Atrocities

The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence.

Genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations

-Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I

-Cambodia during the late 1970s

-Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s

-Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s

8.1: Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization

-Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.

-Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power.

What did the major powers look like after WWII?

-Germany: loss of the war, fall of Nazism; occupation by Allied forces

-Soviet Union: major loss of life; increased industrialization; control of territory in E. Europe

-United States: smaller casualty numbers (relatively); improved economy after Great Depression; began using atomic bombs

-England: destruction to major cities; beginning to lose control of overseas colonies.

-Japan: loss of territory in East Asia; destruction from atomic bombs; occupation by US

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war.

FDR wanted free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin wanted Eastern Europe under his influence.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945.

Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe. Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refused again.

Their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Why did U.S. emerge as a "superpower" after WWII?

None of the fighting actually took place in the US (except Pearl Harbor) so unlike Europe and Russia, all of the US's industry and infrastructure was untouched by the war.

Why did the Soviet Union emerge as a "superpower" after WWII?

Even with great losses from the war, they were so large they had population to spare.

For years, Stalin had been building up the industrial capacity of Russia.

Dropping of the atomic bomb

The Soviet Union was uninformed that the US even had this technology so it deepened their rift (they were allies in the second world war)

Context of decolonization

By the start of WWI the process of empire building and colonization had reached its peak. Imperial states held colonies all over the world, and colonial soldiers fought on behalf of their parent countries with the hopes of becoming free in both world wars. After the second world war, most European parent countries were struggling in debt and with loss of life, and didn't send down troops to their colonies to repress any calls for independence. So colonies all over began garnering support from the US and the Soviet Union to become free of their colonial structures.

8.2: The Cold War

-The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.

-Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.

What was the Cold War?

-Hostility without direct military confrontation (proxy wars in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan)

-Rivarly in all aspects of life. Both countries are trying to reach different milestones in the space race. The Soviets were the first to launch a satellite into space in 1957 (Sputnik), while 12 years later the US was the first country to land a man on the moon. Also with the Olympics, in 1972 the Soviets won the gold in basketball against the US for the first time, while the US beat the Soviets in 1980 in hockey.

Reasons for the Cold War

-Fight over human rights/Enlightenment ideals of representative government and democracy.

-Fight over resources and markets for goods.

-Fight over military allies

The Post WWII View from Moscow

-14 million soldiers killed in WWII (more than any other country)

-8 million civilians killed

-Invaded by Germany twice in the last 30 years

-Fearful of an invasion by the US and England (these leaders have been very outspoken against communism)

The Post WWII View from Washington

-Did not want devastated nations to fall to Soviet-backed communism.

-Began investing millions of dollars to economic reconstruction of Europe and East Asia.

-Built up military to levels never seen before.

-New policy of containment: Policy of the US through the Cold War that they were going to contain the spread of communism.

8.3: Effects of the Cold War

The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

NATO (1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made for participating countries to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country.

USA, England, France, Canada, Western European countries.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

a mutual defense treaty between 8 communist states of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.

Non-Aligned Movement

A movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the US Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

One of the main reasons is that many of these countries are going through decolonization and becoming newly independent countries - last thing they want to do is entangle themselves in some sort of alliance with a previous colonial master.

Nuclear Proliferation

Spread of nuclear weapons and technology during this time period.

USA, USSR, Britain, China, and France all had nuclear technology during this time period.

Cuban Missile Crisis

-Closest the Cold War came to direct armed conflict between the USSR and USA.

-The Soviets were attempting to install nuclear missiles in Cuba, pointed at the US, with pushback from the US. After 13 days of high tensions, it was resolved.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

International aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear technology to other than the five declared nuclear powers: USA, USSR, Britain, China, and France.

Proxy War

a conflict between two nations without direct military conflict. USA and USSR would aid different nations (through money, arms, and training) and utilize the conflict to attack each other indirectly. Example: Korean Conflict

Korean Conflict (1950-1953)

-In August 1945, the Korean peninsula divided along the 38th parallel, creating North Korea (USSR backed) and South Korea (UN backed).

-When North Korea invaded South Korea, many Western nations feared it was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world.

-USA entered the war and fought against North Koreans (armed by China and USSR) to prevent the spread of communism (policy of containment).

-After around 5 million deaths, the Korean War ended in stalemate and borders returned to the 38th parallel.

8.4: Spread of Communism

-As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution.

-In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

-Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

What's happening in China in the 20th century?

-Chiang Kai-sheck became a nationalist leader of China in the 1920s and who attempted to consolidate power and led several purges of communists.

-Mao Zedong began growing the Chinese communist party. Peasant farmers were attracted to his ideas of land redistribution.

-Chiang and Mao's forces fought a bloody civil war from 1930-1949, only stopping to fight Japan in WWII (when Japan invaded China). When Japan was defeated, the public opinion had turned Mao's way.

-Mao's victory was a huge blow to the American idea of containment.

Once Mao comes to power

-Mao began to follow the Stalin model and began a series of Five Year Plans to rebuild industry and farming.

-He also began the Great Leap Forward in 1958.

-The Great Leap Forward started well with a large increase in farming and manufacturing output.

-However, life became worse for the average worker and famine quickly spread all through China.

Socialism/Communism in Chile (espanol hehe)

-Salvador Allende moved towards socialism/communism in the early 1970s

-With the CIAs backing, Augusto Pinochet led a military coup in 1973.

-Pinochet's rule led to mass violence and oppression of dissenters; thousands of Chileans "disappeared"

8.5: Decolonization

-Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.

-After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle.

-Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.

Indian National Congress

-Founded in 1885, was the leading political party focused on reforming India and gaining independence from Britain. It was a nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi after 1920.

-It was made up of educated middle class Indians who initially sought for Indians to have a greater voice in government and then sought independence from Britain.

Context for Indian decolonization

Britain previously promised India independence prior to WWI, and it did not occur. After WWII, India's independence movement gained steam.

Gandhi

-Gandhi utilized and organized nonviolent civil disobedience, what he termed satyagraha, to achieve independence from Britain. Hindus and Muslims in India both supported independence.

-One example of organized civil disobedience was the salt march. Gandhi led a 240 mile walk to the sea to protest the British monopoly on selling salt. Indians sold and bought salt from other Indians, breaking British law. The protestors were violently beaten by the British and over 60,000 people were arrested.

-Britain was economically and militarily weakened due to WWII. It did not have the resources to sustain colonial control in India. This made it an opportune time to break away. India negotiated its independence from Britain in 1947.

Vietnam from the French Empire

-Independence from armed struggle

-Post WWII, France attempted to hold on to the colony of Indochina (Vietnam).

-Using guerrilla warfare, the Vietminh (nationalist group), led by Ho Chin Minh, were able to overthrow the French, which resulted in a split North and South Vietnam.

-Ho Chin Minh led communist North Vietnam.

-Ngo Dinh Diem led democratic South Vietnam..

-Ho Chin Minh wanted to unify all of Vietnam as a communist nation and sent guerillas to the south, which led to a civil war.

Vietnam War (1954-1975)

-Proxy war

-Ho Chin Minh sought to create a unified communist Vietnam and sent Viet Cong (communist guerrilla fighters) to fight in South Vietnam.

-The USA began sending aid and military advisers working under the domino theory, which held that if one SE Asian country became communist, surrounding countries would follow like dominoes.

-The USA ended up sending troops to fight alongside the South Vietnamese to prevent the spread of communism from North Vietnam. North Vietnam received weapons from the USSR and China to fight against the USA and South Vietnam.

-Due to the prolonged time of the war, the guerilla tactics utilized by the Viet Cong, and the increasing anti-war sentiment in the US, the US withdrew and North Vietnam was successful in creating a unified communist Vietnam.

8.6: Newly Independent States

-The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.

-The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.

-In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.

-The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

Newly Independent States - Israel

-Jews occupied Palestine during the Roman Empire, but were forced to leave and create diasporic communities.

-During WWI, Zionism (a movement to return Jews to Palestine) began to gain momentum. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 directly stated that the Jewish population should be given a homeland in Palestine.

-After WWII and the horrors of the Holocaust, the United Nations created two Palestines in 1948 - one for Jews and one for Muslims (who were already living in Palestine).

-The establishment of Israel in 1948 created anger and resentment in Palestine and other nearby Arab countries. These religious tensions led to war and terrorism.

-Two examples of these military conflicts are the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the Six-Day War of 1967, which both resulted in Israel taking over more territory.

Newly Independent States - Pakistan

-India finally gained independence after WWII due to Gandhi leading his nonviolent civil disobedience campaign.

-The religious tension between Hindus and Muslims erupted into violence.

-Gandhi wanted a united India where both Hindus and Muslims could practice their religion freely.

-Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Lord Mountbatten, and Pandit Nehru held a meeting and partitioned the country into India, Pakistan, and East Pakistan (Bangladesh).

-The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres.

8.7: Global Resistance to Established Power Structures

-Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.

-Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.

-Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.

-Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.

Responses to changing power structures

-Many countries begin building up their militaries to record levels.

-Some groups turned to violence (Irish Republican Army, Al-Queda)

-Women took more of a role in politics through suffrage and direct protest.

Non-violence around the world

-Mohandas Gandhi was one of the first to use non-violence to rally public pressure (this could be successful in a time of mass media). In the 1920s, Gandhi began to argue for the end of British rule in India. He led boycotts, marches, and strikes to hurt the British politically and economically.

-MLK Jr. used these same tactics to help bring pressure on the US government to pass the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights act.

-Nelson Mandela was torn over the use of violence, but called for non-violence while in jail for 28 years and after when he became president of South Africa.

8.8: End of the Cold War

-Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

-Military conflict (1979-1989) where the Soviet Union supported the Marxist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan against the indigenous Afghan mujahedeen rebels.

-The Soviet-Afghan War was a proxy war in the broader context of the late cold war. The goal of the USSR was to keep and expand the power of the communist Afghan government. One of the main tools that helped the Soviets battle the mujahedeen was airpower (the use of helicopters).

-The US supported the mujahideen rebels against the USSR to stop the spread of communism by giving them money and military supplies - hand-held surface to air missiles. These enabled them to shoot down Soviet helicopters - major turning point in the war.

How did the Soviet-Afghan war lead to the end of the Cold War?

-It was an expensive failure that helped prevent the Soviet military from closing growing technological gaps with the US military.

-Showed other nations who wanted to break away from the USSR that the Red Army wasn't invincible.

Reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev (public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries)

-By the end of the Soviet-Afghan war, the Soviet economy was extremely weak and shortages of consumer goods/food were common.

-Mikhail Gorbachev began dismantling the command economy and moving toward a mixed economy - glasnost and perestroika policies were instituted to try to save the collapsing economy.

-Glasnost: Policy of openness and some political liberties such as freedom of press and assembly - will lead to the press being able to openly criticize the Soviet government and will lead to increased protests in nations in the Soviet Bloc for rights and independence from their respective communist governments and the USSR.

-Perestroika: Policy of economic restructuring that allowed for more private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture.

Fall of Berlin Wall

-The Berlin wall was the separation barrier between East and West Berlin built to stop emigration in response to lack of consumer goods and jobs.

-Due to the poor economy and restrictive communist governments, reform movements were already occurring in the Soviet Bloc, such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary. This revolutionary fervor would spread to East Germany. The Cold War symbolically ended in 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall.

-By 1991, Soviet States like Estonia and Lithuania will declare their independence, breaking up the Soviet Union. Gorbachev oversaw a peaceful transition to democracy.

-Result: The US will become the main global superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

9.1: Advances in Technology and Exchange

-New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.

-Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.

-More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.

-The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth's growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.

-Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.

9.2: Technological Advances and Limitations: Disease

-Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.

-Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.

Diseases associated with poverty

-Malaria

-Tuberculosis

-Cholera

Emergent epidemic diseases

-1918 influenza pandemic

-Ebola

-HIV/AIDS

Diseases associated with increased longevity

-Heart disease

-Alzheimer's disease

9.3: Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment

-As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world's supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.

-The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

9.4: Economics in the Global Age

-In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged freemarket economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.

-In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

-Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

Governments' increased encouragement of free-market policies

-The United States under Ronald Reagan

-Britain under Margaret Thatcher

-China under Deng Xiaoping

-Chile under Augusto Pinochet

Knowledge economies

-Finland

-Japan

-U.S.

Asian production and manufacturing economies

-Vietnam

-Bangladesh

Latin American production and manufacturing economies

-Mexico

-Honduras

Economic institutions and regional trade agreements

-World Trade Organization (WTO)

-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Multinational corporations

-Nestlé

-Nissan

-Mahindra and Mahindra

9.5: Calls for Reform and Responses

-Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.

-In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.

-Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.

Challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion

-The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women, and refugees

-Global feminism movements

-Negritude movement

-Liberation theology in Latin America

Increased access to education and political and professional roles

-The right to vote and/ or to hold public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947), and Morocco (1963)

-The rising rate of female literacy and the increasing numbers of women in higher education, in most parts of the world

-The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965

-The end of apartheid

-Caste reservation in India

Environmental movements

-Greenpeace

-Professor Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement in Kenya Economic movements

-World Fair Trade Organization

9.6: Globalized Culture

-Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.

-Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.

-Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

Global culture

-Music: Reggae

-Movies: Bollywood

-Social media: Facebook, Twitter

-Television: BBC

-Sports: World Cup soccer, the Olympics

Global consumerism

-Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay

-Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola

9.7: Resistance to Globalization

Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.

Responses to economic globalization

-Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism

-Advent of locally developed social media (Weibo in China)

9.8: Institutions in a Developing World

New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.