Crime and punishment c1900-present

How did new technology increase crime?

Criminals use computers to commit fraud and identity theft

What was the focus on crime?

To reform the character of criminals

What did the 1968 Race Relations Act introduce?

Made it illegal to refuse jobs, housing, or public services to anyone on the basis of their race, ethnic background, or country of origin

Why did reported crime increase in the mid-20th century?

-more telephones to report crime
-need to report crimes to claim insurance
-violent and sexual offences are reported more
-police record crime more consistently due to advances in tech

What crimes continued?

-murder
-assault
-theft
-treason
-terrorism

What is identity theft?

when criminals obtain personal information that allows them to impersonate someone else in order to use their credit to access financial accounts and make purchases

What is copyright theft?

Illegal downloads of music, films, games, and shows

What is cybercrime?

Carried out on the internet, often on a large scale, to steal information from companies, security and governments

What is extortion?

the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats

What is fraud?

Imitation to get hold of banking information and passwords

How has smuggling changed?

Went from smuggling brandy, tea, and cloth to drugs, alcohol, and people

Why is smuggling much harder to prevent?

Because there's millions of people travelling in and out of country by air, land and sea.

Why were drugs made illegal?

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971

Is people-trafficking a new crime?

No

What does people trafficking involve?

Bringing people from poorer countries to the UK and forcing them to work for low wages. They may be forced into prostitution or blackmailed.

What is terrorism?

the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.

Who are the IRA?

A terrorist group who use violence to campaign for Irish independence from the UK

How do terrorists use the internet?

To communicate and spread their message

When did drivers need to pass a test to drive?

1935

When was drink driving made illegal?

1967

What were attitudes like to drink driving in the 1970s?

They were lenient

Why were race laws needed?

Because of increasing immigration

What was the Sexual Offences Act 1967?

Decriminalised homosexuality

What was the Criminal Justice Act of 2003?

Hate crimes would be punished more harshly

What was the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act?

Made many drugs illegal

How did attitudes to men and women's roles change during the 20th century?

Women were recognised as equal

What was the 1976 Domestic violence Act?

Allowed women to gain an injunction on violent partners.

When did the law recognise rape within marriage as illegal?

1991

When was controlling and coercive behaviour towards a partner made a crime?

2014

When was abortion legalised?

1967

What conditions were necessary for an abortion?

child would have serious disabilities or the mother would have serious physical or mental harm

When was the latest stage for abortion in 1968?

28 weeks

What specialist forces did the police include?

-drug squads
-counter terrorist attacks
-dog handlers
-fraud squads
-bomb squads

When was the dog unit established in the Metropolitan police?

1946

When was the National Police Training College set up?

1947

When was the Fingerprint Branch set up?

1901

When were police cars introduced?

1930s

When was 999 introduced?

1937

When was CCTV introduced?

1985

When were breathalysers introduced?

1967

When was DNA first used as evidence for a murder conviction?

1988

When were speed cameras introduced?

1992

When were women first recruited to join the police?

1920s

How has the role of the police changed in the 21st century?

There is an increased focus on crime prevention

How is community law enforcement different to Anglo-saxon England?

It's voluntary

When was neighbourhood watch set up?

1982

How many households are involved with the Neighbourhood Watch movement?

2.3 million

What are the aims of Neighbourhood Watch?

- Helping the police by encouraging local vigilance
- Reduce fear of crime by increasing community involvement
- Reporting crime trends to the police

What has been the aim of prisons since c1900?

Rehabilitation

When did hard labour end in prisons?

1902

When did solitary confinement end?

1922

What are open prisons?

They have relaxed rules and are allowed to leave each day for work

When were open prisons introduced?

1933

When was probation introduced?

1907

What is probation?

a sentence that the offender is allowed to serve under supervision in the community

When was parole introduced?

1967

What is parole?

early release from prison

When was community service introduced?

1972

When was electronic tagging introduced?

1990s

What are anti-social behaviour orders?

They restrict movement and interaction of young criminals

What is a Borstal?

A place of detention for young male offenders with strict rules and education

When were borstals introduced?

1902

What act created a national system of borstals?

The prevention of crime act 1908

When were borstals abolished?

1982

Why were borstals abolished?

Offenders continued to commit crime

What were attendance centres?

Centres where they attend daily or weekly for lessons on life skills and education

When was Broadmoor Hospital opened?

1896

What was Broadmoor Hospital?

A place for mentally ill prisoners

What is community service?

a sentence requiring the offender to perform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community

What is restorative justice?

Where a criminal meets the victim to understand the impact they have caused

What are drug and alcohol treatment programmes?

They offer help to those who got involved in crime because of addiction

What was the 1948 Criminal justice act?

-abolished borstals
-improved probation for the youth
-introduced detention centres
-introduced attendance centres

What act ended the hanging of children under 16?

1908 Children's Act

What was the 1922 Infanticide Act?

Mothers who killed newborn babies wouldn't receive the death penalty

What act abolished the death penalty for murder?

1965 Murder Act

When did the death penalty end for all crimes?

1998

When was Derek Bentley hanged?

1953

How old was Derek Bentley?

19

Why was Derek Bentley hanged?

He was caught burgling a warehouse with his friend Christopher Craig. Craig shot the policeman and killed him

What was Derek Bentley charged with?

Murder under a charge of joint enterprise

Why was Craig not given the death penalty?

He was 16 years old

How many protesters demonstrated on the day of Bentley's execution?

5000

How many MPs signed a memorandum to cancel the execution?

200

When was Bentley pardoned?

1993

What was Bentley's mental age?

11

Who was Ruth Ellis?

The last women to be hanged in the UK. She shot her abusive boyfriend who caused her miscarriage

When was Ruth Ellis hung?

1955

What Home Secretary oversaw the abolition of the death penalty?

Roy Jenkins

What were people called if they avoided military service?

Conscientious objectors

When was the Military Service Act?

March 1916

What was the Military Service Act?

All unmarried men of fighting age had to join the army

Why did some men refuse to fight in the war?

Political or religious reasons

Who were absolutists?

People who refused to support the war in any way

Who were pacifists?

people who refuse to fight in any war because they believe it its evil.

Who were alternativists?

People who didn't fight but supported the war effort by driving ambulances or carrying stretchers

How many men objected to the Military Service Act?

16,500 men

Who did you have to appear in front of if you didn't want to fight?

A tribunal

What were tribunals?

Courts made of retired soldiers who didn't always give a fair hearing

What happened to many absolutists?

They were imprisoned and sentenced to solitary confinement

How were some CO's punished?

They were sent to the front line. If they refused to follow orders, they were sentenced by a military court