GCSE HISTORY

What were the 2 main temperance organisations against prohibition?

Anti-Saloon League

Women's Christian Temperance Union

What are the arguments for prohibition? (2)

1) Alcohol damages family life

2) Health issues particularly mental health

What groups of people supported prohibition? (2)

1) Politicians backed it because it won them votes in rural areas

2) Industrialists as they believed workers would be more reliable

How effectively was prohibition put into practice initially?

21 states banned saloons in 1916

Who were dries?

Supporters of prohibition

What were the arguments of most dries? (3)

1) Claimed that 3000 infants smothered yearly in bed by drunken parents

2) Drinkers accused of being unpatriotic cowards during WW1 _ the big breweries were run by Germans

3) Communism supposedly thrived on alcohol and led to lawlessness in cities destroying immigrant communities

When was the 18th Amendment ratified and what did it entail?

1917, prohibiting the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors

What is the Volstead Act?

18 Amendment made clearer

How long did prohibition last?

1920-1933

What were the general results of prohibition?

Levels of alcohol consumption dropped about 30% in the early 1920s

How was Prohibition enforced? (2)

1) Information campaigns

2) Prohibition agents arrested offenders e.g., Moe Smith and Isadore Einstein who made 4392 arrests

Why was Prohibition hard to enforce in cities? (3)

1) Not enough money to finance all the raids

2) Not enough agents and they were poorly paid and responsible

3) People simply didn't obey the law

Who was George Cassidy?

Bootlegger for members of Congress making around 25 deliveries of alcohol to Congress weekly and when he was finally caught he was only given 18 months

How much did Al Capone make from speakeasies and what was his famous quote on Prohibition?

$60 million annually claiming that 'Prohibition is business' and all he does is 'supply a public demand

What was moonshine?

Illegal whiskey

How did Prohibition lead to corruption?

Local government officials were bribed and many law officers were involved in the liquor trade e.g., Roy Olmstead fired for importing alcohol then becoming a full time bootlegger going on to build

Who were some main gangsters? (3)

1) Dan O'Banion - Irish leader murdered by Al Capone

2) Pete and Vince Guizenberg (died in Valentines Day Massacre)

3) Lucky Luciano - Italian murderer who spent 10 years done

What were some key moments in Al Capones life? (2)

1) Built up huge network of corrupt officials among Chicago's police, govt, lawyers and others in power

2) By 1929, Capone committed 300 murders at least destroying the influence of other gangs

What was the Valentine's Day Massacre?

1929, Capone's men murdered seven of Moran's gang using a fake police car and 2 gangsters in police uniform as bait

Why was Prohibition ended? (3)

1) St Valentine's Day Massacre showing that Prohibition didn't stop lawlessness and only increased competition

2) Corrupt people in power

3) Wall Street Crash October 1929 - legalising alcohol would provide jobs and increase tax revenue and free up resources used to enforce Prohibition

What was the 'Red Scare'?

Fear of communism leading to prejudice against Eastern Europeans as Americans were scared they would try and bring communism over and revolt leading to disturbances e.g., 400,000 (seen as communist interference) strikes and 25 race riots

What are anarchists?

People who opposed the government

What were the justifications for fear of communist interference? (4)

1) Anarchists publishing pamphlets calling for the overthrow of the government

2) April 1919, bomb planted in Milwaukee church killing 10

3) May 1919, bombs posted to 36 prominent Americans

4) June 1919, bombs went off in 7 cities almost killing attorney-general Mitchell Palmer

What were the Palmer Raids?

In response to the violence, those would radical beliefs would be rounded up (usually immigrants with flimsy evidence against them). J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by Palmer, built up files of 60,000 and in 1919-20 around 10,000 were informed they'd be deported

Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti?

Italian immigrants convicted of murder in 1921 mostly due to their radical ideas as well as prejudice and xenophobia and finally executed in 1927

What statement did Judge Thayer of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial make?

They are "morally culpable because he is the enemy of our existing institutions"

What was America's reaction to the Red Scare (2) and what were the consequences?

1) Ensuring largest proportion of immigrants came from Western Europe

2) No Asians allowed at all

1 million immigrants a year from 1901-1910 -> 150,000 by 1929

Why were Jim Crow Laws introduced?

After slavery ended, there were more African Americans than white people in the south so to ensure that they didn't overpower the white people they tried to control the freedom of black people

What were some key moments for the KKK? (3)

1) Started after Civil War by white Americans to make sure they stayed in power

2) Died down in 19th century but started up again after release of 'The Birth of a Nation' in 1915 of which President Wilson said was 'terribly true'

3) Rapidly spread in 1920s and by 1924 there were 4.5 million members including politicians like governors of Oregon and Oklahoma

What is one case of lynching that happened during the 1920s in America?

In 1930, 16yro James Cameron and two other men accused of rape and murder of white people and jailed in Indiana until a mob broke in intending to lynch them and only James survived

What were some of the achievements and opportunities that African Americans did have? (4)

1) Howard University set up exclusively for black people and overall better opportunities up north

2) 'Black capitalist' movement encouraging black people to start up their own businesses and boycott stores that didn't employ black people

3) Harlem Renaissance which also became a magnet for white customers

4) Paul Robeson, lawyer turned singer

What is the NAACP and what did they achieve?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded by W.E.B DuBois with around 9000, stood for the end of segregation and laws against lynching and eventually lynching did fall but not much else

What was UNIA and what did it stand for?

Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded by Marcus Garvey, urged African Americans to be proud of their race and also helped them to move to Africa. There were also many UNIA businesses and stores

What were the limitations put against black people?

1) Life expectancy = 48 in 1930 whereas white people had a life expectancy of 59

2) Poor in the north with worse housing but higher rents

3) Poorer education and health services

What were athletic clubs?

Irish and Polish American gangs beating up African Americans for attempting to use their parks and playgrounds

What were the 3 industries that boomed during the 1920s?

1) Radio - NBC was making $150 million by annually by 1929

2) Music - 'Jazz Age'

3) Cinema - Talking movies arrived in 1927, making Hollywood even more popular

What were 2 things that the 'Roaring Twenties' changed?

1) Views on sex and morality

2) Car ownership - manufacturers were turning out around 1.5 million annually and >7 million vehicles were registered in 1922

What were the factors of the economic boom? (8)

1) Republican policies

2) World War 1

3) Resources and transportation networks

4) New industries + new methods

5) The car

6) Mass consumption

7) A state of mind

8) Wall Street

What were the 4 Republican Policies shaped by Warren Harding?

1) Laissez-faire: policy that left bussinessmen free to do their jobs without government inteference. This is where prosperity came from

2) Protective tariffs: imposed import tariffs which made it expensive to sell foreign goods. E.g., in 1922, the Fordneu-McCumber tariff made imported food expensive in the US

3) Low taxation: doing this led Republicans to believe that citizens would spend their money on US goods and the rich would invest in industries

4) Powerful trusts: these were huge coorporations that dominated industry as they were thought to have known better for US businesses e.g., Andrew Carnegie (steel) and John D. Rockefeller (oil)

Who succeeded Warren Harding?

Calvin Coolidge, who shared a lot of Hoover's policies

Name 3 ways that World War 1 boosted America's economy

1) Supplying weapons and equipment to the allies

2) Loaning money to the allies

3) They overtook industries dominated by countries that had their trade, industry and exports damaged by the war

How did Rockefeller make money by exploiting resources?

He was the boss of Standard Oil; oil was taking over from coal as the main fuel and car ownership increased. Rockefeller gradually bought multiple smaller oil companies to make one big oil company

How did Carnegie make money by exploiting resources?

He made his money from steel which was needed for cars and skyscrapers

How did Mellon make his money?

His had an eye for successful businesses and his financial backing helped the growth of aluminium (light and strong so useul for cars) and electricity (aircraft, cars, appliances)

What were the principles that many companies adopted in the 1920s?

The principles of the Efficiency Movement which was based on the theory that companies would be more effective if they eliminated factors that eliminated time/resources and a lot of money was invested to identify these factors

What did these principles lead to?

Many companies exploited resources like steel and glass. This meant they could mass produce meaning that more people could buy more goods for cheaper. Luxury items like stockings (12,000 bought in in 1900) became more common (300 million in 1930)

How did the production of cars evolve?

They used to take a long time to make (only 4,000 made in 1900) but Henry Ford set up a moving production line in 1913 where one or two workers would have small jobs to work on each part of a skeleton car. In 1929, 4.8 million Ford cars were made. By the end of the 1920s, cars became the USA's biggest industry

How did other vehicles and companies boost the vehicle industry? (2)

1) Between Ford, Chrysler and General Motors, 29 million cars were sold between them by 1929

2) Small manufacturers making other vehicles e.g., trucks (1 million in 1919 -> 3.5 million in 1929)

How else did the production of cars boost the economy in ways unrelated to cars itself? (3)

1) Cars accounted for 75% of the glass industry in the 1920s, as well as other industries like steel and leather also improving.

2) People getting hired to make the cars as well as working in the industries that cars need

3) There was 1 car to every 5 people encouraging people to buy houses in the suburbs, improving the house-building business

How did companies use marketing to encourage mass consumption across the country? (4)

1) Mass nationwide advertising e.g., radio, magazines, travelling salesmen

2) Mail Order e.g., iin 1928 almost one third of Americans bought goods from Sears, Roebuck and Company catologues

3) Credit e.g., 6 out of 10 cars were bought on credit

4) Chain stores

How did the state of mind of Americans affect consumerism?

Americans felt they were entitled to having a nice house with the latest consumer products and they had faith in businesses and felt they could buy things on credit

How did investing boost the economy?

Unlike before, ordinary people could invest and buy shares in companies. They could sometimes make more money investing than working an ordinary job. The stock market supported businesses and businesses supported the stock market

What did it mean to 'buy on the margin'?

Buying stocks using borrowed money then returning it once you'd made a profit

How did the figures of investment change?

4 million in 1920 -> 20 million/150 million in 1929

What groups didn't share in the economic boom? (3)

1) Farmers

2) Workers in traditional industries

3) The unemployed and the poor

How much did the total US farm income fall by and why? (4)

$22 billion in 1919 to $13 billion in 1928 because:

1) Declining exports: Europe was poor +W tarrifs

2) New competitors: e..g., Canadian wheat farmers + the decline in the US population

3) Overproduction: more efficient farming led to a surplus in food

4) Falling prices: in a rush to sell their food, most farm prices dropped ny 50% in 1921 alone

Which of the farmers weren't negatively affected and which were?

Rich people wanted fresh food so plenty of vegetables and fruit was shipped up north. However, 6 million farmers were forced off their land in the 1920s, with African Americans were badly hit with 750,000 becoming unemployed as they didn't get a chance to obtain a high skill set.

What did the government do to help farmers?

Tried to implement protective tariffs but other industries demanded similar protection so it couldn't work.

How were workers in traditional industries affected?

Industries like coal and cotton collapsed as they were swiftly being replaced. Skilled workers could not compete with machines or cheap labour in the south.

What did the government do to help these workers?

They placed tariffs on foreign imports but these were not growth markets. As a result, the workers were inclined to unionize which didn't bode well with the big industries and newspapers

How were the unemployed and the poor affected?

The growth in industry did not create new jobs as many of the companies were mechanising/electrifying production. The percentage of unemployment remained the same in 1929 as it was in 1920. This meant they could not participate in the consumerism of the 1920s which was a main reason for the boom in the first place

What did the government do to help the unemployed and poor?

They did not do anything due to their policy of not wanting to intefere.

What were the changes made in the 1920s? (4)

1) Women's movements and the vote

2) Politicial empowerment

3) Employment opportunities

4) Freedom

How did women strive to improve their lives in the 1920s?

1) The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) took part in military and civilian organisations during the war

2) The National Woman's Party (NWP) organised demonstrations outside the White House

When were women allowed the vote?

1920, the 19th Amendment was passed under Woodrow Wilson

How did women continue to strive for change after being given the vote?

NAWSA offered women training on how to use their vote wisely. It put forward 600 legislations for women's health, working conditions, legal rights etc, of which 300 were accepted

What was the Sheppard-Towner Act 1921?

Morris Sheppard and Horace Towner worked to improve womens healthcare as well as maternity and children's healthcare. Around 3,000 child and maternal health centres were created and once the act was through Congress it was a significant achievement - especially during the laissez-faire era - but it was still seriously underfunded and not introduced in all states

How did political empowerment change?

Many women gained polticial education e.g., Eleanor Roosevelt. They supported moves like improved education, health care, and prohibition

How did the war affect employment opportunities for women?

More women took up traditional 'men's roles' and taking up jobs like nursing and stenography. Also there was more time to work due to the rise in electric goods. There were 10 million women in paid employment in 1929 which was 24% more than in 1920

How did more money liberate the women of the 1920s?

More of their own money meant they were free to buy whatever they liked as well being the targets of advertising. Also traditional behavioural rules were eased and women were less likely to stay in unhappy marriages

What were the continuing limitations for women in the 1920s? (3)

1) Work: unequal pay + lack of opportunities compared to men

2) Politics: Women were not wanted as political candidates

3) At home: movies of passionate and adventurous lives were misleading

Who were the 'Big Three'?

Wilson (USA), George Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (England)

What happened at The Paris Peace Conference?

Meetings during 1919 and 1920

The fate of Germany and its allies were decided by the 'Big Three' and 5 treaties were drawn up with the Treaty of Versailles being one of them

What are the main 5 points of the Fourteen Points?

1) No secret treaties

2) Free trade between countries

3) All countries to work towards disarmament

4) Self-determination for Eastern Europeans (they should rule themselves)

5) League of Nations to be set up

What were the initial criticisms against the Fourteen Points? (2)

1) Wilson = naive, idealistic, lacking understanding of Europes complex issues

2) Clemenceau and George afraid of giving up their overseas empires

What is internationalism?

Approach to solving problems between countries based on co-operation rather than conflict

How did Wilson and George clash over the Fourteen Points?

George - did not want all nations to have access to the seas + self-determination seemed like a potential threat

Wilson - wanted opposite

How did Clemenceau and George clash over the Fourteen Points?

George - wanted Germany to recover quickly economically so it could pay Britain compensation for war damage + possible valuable trading partner + take away Germany's navies and colonies as they are a threat

Clemenceau - felt Britain was too inconsistent

How did Clemenceau and Wilson clash over the Fourteen Points?

Clemenceau - the French wanted Germany to be punished for pain and suffering + security from Germany as they shared a border

Wilson - hoped to see a democratic state emerge so couldn't punish Germany too harshly as he feared they would want revenge

What does the Treaty of Versailles entail?

1) Accept war guilt

2) Reparations of £6.6 billion set in 1921

3) Germany lost 10% of its land and 12.5% of its population (Alsace-Lorraine -> France, West Prussia -> Poland etc) + banned to form union (Anschluss) with Russia + former overseas empires became mandates controlled by LoN

4) Army limited to 100,000 + not allowed any vehicles + navy limited to 6 battleships + Rhineland demilitarised)

5) Not allowed to join LoN until proved peaceful intentions

How did Germany react to the League of Nations? (6)

1) Angry that they were being treated as a defeated nation + not having been represented at the peace talks

2) War guilt clause = unfair

3) Disarmament clause = unfair

4) Losing land was inconsistent with Wilson's demand for self-determination

5) Reparation bill blamed for their economic issues later in the 1920s

6) Excluded from the LoN was embarrassing + inconsistent

What were the promises of the members of the League of Nations?

1) Collective security - protecting one another if attacked

2) Economic sanctions if one member illegally waged war with another war member

What were George's and Clemenceau's doubts about the League of Nations?

George - thought a simpler organisation would be better (Conference of Ambassadors) + wanted Britain to be able to act freely

Clemenceau - wanted France to act freely + thought the League needed its own army to be successful

What were the League's main commissions in the 1920s? (5)

1) Refugee Committee - 400,000 displaced/prisoned people from the war to return home

2) International Labour Organisation - campaigned for workers rights, specifically of women and children

3) Declaration of the Rights of the Child

4) Health Committee - funded research for diseases and vaccines + fought against drug trafficking and slavery e.g., freeing 200,000 slaves in Sierra-Leone

5) Financial Committee - came up with economic plan to help Austria and Hungary's economies to recover

How did the incident in Corfu, 1929 start?

- Undecided border between Greece and Albania

- General Enrico Tellini appointed by CoA to supervise but was ambushed and killed on the 27th of August as well as his team when surveying Greece's side

- Benito Mussolini demanded compensation and execution of the murderers

- Mussolini attacked Corfu, killing 15, when the Greek government refused

- The Greeks appealed to the League who condemned Mussolini but also agreed with the compensation

Why was the issue given to the Conference of Ambassadors?

Disagreement between France (supported Italy as their issues in the Ruhr region of Germany limited them resource wise) and Britain (prepared to intervene to force Mussolini out of Corfu)

Did Mussolini win the argument over Corfu?

Yes as the CoA forced Greece to apologise and pay compensation and on the 27th of September he left Corfu.

How did the incident in Bulgaria, 1925?

October, Greek soldiers killed on border with Bulgaria. Greek troops invaded and Bulgaria appealed to the League. The League demanded that both sides stand down and Greek forces need to withdraw

Was the agreement over the Bulgaria, 1925 incident successful?

Yes because both leaders agreed but Greece brought up how there are different cases for smaller states like them and larger states like Italy

What happened at the Washington Conference 1921?

USA, Japan, Britain and France agreed to limit size of their navies but that's how far disarmament went which angered Germany

What were the 5 international agreements in the 1920s?

1) Rapallo Treaty - 1922: USSR and Germany re-established diplomatic relations

2) Dawes Plan - 1924: USA lent money to Germany to avert economic crisis. This propped up and restored their economy

3) Locarno Treaties - 1925: Germany accepted new borders (apart from the ones with Poland and Czechoslovakia making them nervous), paving the way for them to enter the LoN

4) Kellog-Briand Pact - 1928: agreement between 65 nations not to use force to settle disputes

5) Young Plan - 1929: reduced total amount of German reparations

What were the global impacts of the Depression? (3)

1) Protectionism - introducing tariffs to limit/stop imports but trade worsened

2) Rearmament

3) Loans called in leaving disastrous effects on some central European states

What were some other factors leading to the decline in international relations? (3)

1) Emergence of powerful European dictatorships

2) Manchurian Crisis

3) Disarmament

What was a social consequence of the German economy collapsing?

Many Germans felt their government had failed them and turned to extremist political parties

When did the Nazis take over Germany

1933

What solutions did Hitler offer to fix the state of the economy? (3)

1) Rearmament programme

2) Extensive state control of industry and investment in projects

3) Get rid of the ToV and end reparation payments

What were Hitler's nationalist intentions? (3)

1) Reclaim lost land

2) Lebensraum for Germans in Eastern Europe

3) Destroy communism everywhere

When did the Fascist Party take over Italy?

1922

What were the consequences of the Depression in Fascist Italy?

Mussolini tightened his grip on banks and industries

What were Mussolini's visions for Italy? (2)

1) Bring back the Roman Empire

2) Discussing an alliance with Germany