QUIZ - Statistics & Research Methods
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90 Terms
Which of the following best defines a parameter?
Population characteristic
3 multiple choice options
What is the main goal of a true experimental study?
To establish cause-and-effect relationships
3 multiple choice options
Which level of measurement allows for mathematical operations like addition and subtraction, but not multiplication or division?
Interval
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a continuous variable?
Temperature
3 multiple choice options
Which type of validity is concerned with the extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings?
External validity
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following represents a Type I error?
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
3 multiple choice options
In regression analysis, which statistic measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable?
R² (Coefficient of determination)
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity?
Selection bias
3 multiple choice options
When is the use of a two-tailed hypothesis test appropriate?
When the direction of the effect is not predicted
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about correlation is correct?
Correlation does not imply causation
3 multiple choice options
Which method is used to quantify the average distance of each score from the mean in a data set?
Standard deviation
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary purpose of meta-analysis in research?
To combine findings from multiple studies to estimate an overall effect size
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a characteristic of a positively skewed distribution?
Most scores are concentrated on the left side, with a tail extending to the right
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the relationship between power and sample size in hypothesis testing?
As sample size increases, power increases
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of inferential statistics?
Drawing conclusions about the average income of U.S. citizens based on a sample survey
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary function of a confidence interval in statistical analysis?
To estimate the range within which a population parameter likely falls
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a requirement for conducting a multiple regression analysis?
All independent variables must be continuous or dichotomous
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the standard deviation and the variance of a data set?
Variance is the square of the standard deviation
3 multiple choice options
In a research study, which of the following would be considered an extraneous variable?
Participant motivation in a study on memory recall
3 multiple choice options
Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between two dichotomous variables?
Phi coefficient
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is true about a normal distribution?
It is symmetrical, with the mean, median, and mode at the center
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about Pearson’s r is true?
It measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship
3 multiple choice options
In a regression equation, which term represents the slope of the line?
b or β
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a violation of the assumption of independence in a statistical test?
Repeated measurements from the same participant
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an assumption required for parametric tests like the t-test or ANOVA?
Data are normally distributed
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes homoscedasticity in regression analysis?
The variance of residuals is constant across all levels of the independent variable
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a measure of effect size commonly used in regression analysis?
Cohen's d
3 multiple choice options
Which method is used to reduce the influence of extreme values in a dataset?
Winsorizing
3 multiple choice options
Which type of sampling method is most likely to produce a representative sample?
Simple random sampling
3 multiple choice options
Which statistical technique allows researchers to control for the influence of one or more confounding variables?
Partial correlation
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an example of a Type II error?
Failing to detect a relationship that actually exists
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a potential consequence of multicollinearity in multiple regression analysis?
Inflated standard errors
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is required for conducting a chi-square test of independence?
Categorical data
3 multiple choice options
A Type I error is ___, while a Type II error is ___.
Rejecting a true null hypothesis; failing to reject a false null hypothesis
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following assumptions must be met for a Pearson correlation to be valid? ___ and ___
Linearity; Homoscedasticity
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following would be appropriate for measuring the strength and direction of a relationship between two continuous variables? ___ and ___
Pearson r; Spearman rho
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following methods can help reduce the risk of Type I error in hypothesis testing? ___ and ___
Using a more stringent alpha level; Applying a Bonferroni correction
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following are potential threats to internal validity? ___ and ___
Selection bias; Maturation
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following research designs would most likely involve random assignment?
True experimental; Factorial design
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following techniques can be used to check for the assumption of normality?
Shapiro-Wilk test; Q-Q plot
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following represent common ways to control for confounding variables in research?
Random assignment; Matching participants
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following methods are appropriate for assessing the relationship between two categorical variables?
Chi-square test; Phi coefficient
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors can artificially reduce the strength of a correlation?
Restricted range; Measurement error
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following can be used to assess the reliability of a measurement instrument? ___ and ___
Test-retest reliability; Cronbach's alpha
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statistical methods are used to evaluate the accuracy of predictions in regression analysis?
R²; Standard error of estimate
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following are potential effects of multicollinearity in a regression model?
Inflated standard errors; Unstable coefficients
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following are characteristics of a normal distribution?
Symmetrical shape; Mean = median = mode
3 multiple choice options
A researcher is studying the impact of a new therapy on depression symptoms. They use a pretest-posttest design with random assignment to either the treatment group or a waitlist control group. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for analyzing the difference in depression scores before and after the intervention?
Paired-samples t-test
3 multiple choice options
A school counselor wants to examine the relationship between student self-esteem and academic performance. Which statistical test should they use if both variables are continuous?
Pearson correlation
3 multiple choice options
A researcher wants to assess whether hours of study and anxiety levels are significant predictors of final exam scores. Which statistical approach is most appropriate?
Multiple regression
3 multiple choice options
A psychologist is interested in whether a new cognitive training program can improve memory scores in older adults. Participants are randomly assigned to the training or control group, and their memory is tested before and after the intervention. Which of the following should the psychologist do to control for individual differences in baseline memory scores?
Use ANCOVA
3 multiple choice options
A clinical psychologist is interested in whether exposure therapy reduces social anxiety more effectively than cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Which type of research design would be most appropriate for this study?
Randomized controlled trial
3 multiple choice options
A health psychologist is examining the effect of a stress management program on blood pressure. They measure blood pressure before the program starts, midway through, and after completion. Which analysis should they use to assess changes over time?
Repeated-measures ANOVA
3 multiple choice options
A marketing analyst wants to know if there is a relationship between customer satisfaction (rated on a 1-5 scale) and the amount of money spent in a store. Which statistical method would be most appropriate?
Pearson correlation
3 multiple choice options
A researcher finds that the correlation between hours of sleep and memory recall is r = 0.60. What is the percentage of variance in memory recall that can be explained by hours of sleep?
36%
3 multiple choice options
A professor wants to assess whether there is a difference in test scores between students who attended all classes, some classes, or no classes. Which statistical test should they use?
One-way ANOVA
3 multiple choice options
In a study examining the effects of caffeine on reaction time, the researchers find that their sample's distribution of reaction times is highly skewed. Which of the following would be the best measure of central tendency to report?
Median
3 multiple choice options
A medical researcher wants to test the effectiveness of a new drug. They randomly assign 200 patients to receive either the new drug or a placebo. They then compare the recovery rates. Which statistical test should be used to analyze the difference between the two groups?
Chi-square test
3 multiple choice options
A psychologist is studying the relationship between personality traits and job satisfaction. They collect data on five different personality dimensions and job satisfaction scores from 150 employees. Which analysis is most appropriate to determine the overall relationship?
Multiple regression
3 multiple choice options
A researcher is interested in the impact of exercise on mood improvement and wants to control for participants' baseline mood levels. Which statistical technique would be most appropriate for this analysis?
ANCOVA
3 multiple choice options
A hospital administrator wants to examine the relationship between patient satisfaction and length of stay, adjusting for patient age and medical complexity. Which analysis is most appropriate?
Multiple regression
3 multiple choice options
A therapist is interested in the impact of group therapy on reducing social anxiety. They measure anxiety levels before and after 10 sessions. Which statistical test should they use to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy?
Paired-samples t-test
3 multiple choice options
A researcher is studying the relationship between income level and exercise frequency. They suspect that age might influence this relationship. Which approach should they use to control for the effect of age?
Partial correlation
3 multiple choice options
A researcher conducted a multiple regression analysis to predict job satisfaction from salary, work-life balance, and supervisor support. The output shows the following:
R² = 0.64
F(3, 196) = 45.23, p < 0.001
Standardized coefficients: Salary (β = 0.45, p < 0.001), Work-Life Balance (β = 0.35, p = 0.002), Supervisor Support (β = 0.20, p = 0.05)
Which of the following statements is true based on the output?
The model explains 64% of the variance in job satisfaction
3 multiple choice options
A psychologist is examining the effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention on reducing anxiety. The results of a paired-samples t-test are as follows:
t(29) = 3.27, p = 0.003
95% CI for the mean difference = (1.2, 4.5)
Which of the following is the correct interpretation?
The intervention significantly reduced anxiety levels
3 multiple choice options
A health researcher runs a chi-square test to examine the relationship between smoking status (smoker vs. non-smoker) and lung cancer diagnosis (yes vs. no). The output is as follows:
χ²(1, N = 200) = 15.72, p < 0.001
Which of the following is the correct conclusion?
There is a significant association between smoking status and lung cancer diagnosis
3 multiple choice options
A study examining the effect of three different teaching methods on student test scores reports the following ANOVA output:
F(2, 87) = 5.67, p = 0.004
Post-hoc tests show significant differences between Method 1 and Method 3, but not between Methods 1 and 2 or Methods 2 and 3
Which of the following can be concluded?
Method 1 is significantly different from Method 3 in its impact on test scores
3 multiple choice options
A clinical trial examining the effect of a new drug on blood pressure reports the following output from a paired-samples t-test:
Mean difference = -10 mmHg, 95% CI = (-15, -5)
t(49) = -5.43, p < 0.001
Which of the following is the correct interpretation?
The drug significantly reduced blood pressure
3 multiple choice options
A marketing analyst conducts a correlation analysis between customer satisfaction and repeat purchase behavior, obtaining r = 0.85, p < 0.001. Which of the following can be concluded?
There is a strong, positive relationship between customer satisfaction and repeat purchase behavior
3 multiple choice options
A researcher runs a regression analysis and finds the following model summary:
R² = 0.72
Adjusted R² = 0.70
F(4, 95) = 52.45, p < 0.001
Which of the following is the correct interpretation?
The model explains 72% of the variance in the dependent variable, after adjusting for the number of predictors
3 multiple choice options
A scientist is testing the relationship between physical activity and cholesterol levels in a sample of 200 adults. The Pearson correlation coefficient is r = -0.40, p < 0.001. Which of the following can be concluded?
There is a moderate, negative relationship between physical activity and cholesterol levels
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best defines effect size?
A measure of the magnitude of a relationship or difference, independent of sample size
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a nonparametric test commonly used to compare the medians of two independent groups?
Mann-Whitney U test
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is true about standard error?
It decreases as sample size increases
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an assumption of the chi-square test of independence?
Expected cell frequencies should be at least 5
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about outliers is true?
They can have a large impact on correlation coefficients
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a common method for dealing with missing data?
Multiple imputation
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an assumption for conducting an ANOVA?
Homogeneity of variance
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following describes a z-score?
A standardized score indicating how many standard deviations a raw score is from the mean
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a key assumption for using multiple regression?
No multicollinearity among predictors
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the main purpose of a confidence interval?
To estimate the range within which the true population parameter is likely to fall
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is true about the normal distribution?
Approximately 68% of the data fall within one standard deviation of the mean
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a method for reducing the impact of extreme values in a data set?
Trimming
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an advantage of using a repeated-measures design?
Reduces the impact of individual differences
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best defines homoscedasticity?
The variance of residuals is constant across all levels of the independent variable
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables?
Correlation coefficient
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the best way to visually inspect the distribution of a data set?
Histogram
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is true about statistical power?
It is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
To control for confounding variables
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following methods can be used to assess the reliability of a psychological test?
Test-retest reliability
3 multiple choice options
Note 
Flashcards (69)