Anatomy & Physiology Cardiovascular System

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, and Aortic Valve

Try Pulling My Arm

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

pulmonary semilunar valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

mitral valve

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

aortic valve

prevent backflow of blood

valve function

takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Right heart

takes oxygenated blood from lungs to the rest of the body

Left heart

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

right atrium

the right lower chamber of the heart

right ventricle

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

septum

long tissues and fibers carry blood to the heart

Veins

carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

pulmonary trunk

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

pulmonary veins

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

pulmonary circulation

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

aorta

a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart

vena cava

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation

systolic blood pressure

the pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling

diastolic blood pressure

stimulating the myocardial tissue that forces the heart to pump out blood

electrical stimulation of myocardial tissue

the muscular tissue of the heart. This modified muscle forms sinoatrial, atrioventricular nodes and the his-purkinje electrical system

myocardial tissue

cluster of cells that generate electriczl impilses to initiate heartbeat found in the Sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

pacemaker tissue

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, and chloride

Electrolytes of the heart

Low of this electrolyte is called Hypokalemia which means abnormal heart rhythm, Hyperkalemia can disrupt the electrical conduction system

Potassium

Low of this electrolyte is called hyponatremia and it disrupts rhythm

Sodium

Low of this electrolyte is called Hypocalcemia and also can prolong the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, also hyper calcemia

Calcium

hyponagnesemia and hypermagnesemia

Magnesium

considered in conjunction with sodium

Chloride

the bridge from the sinoatrial node to atrioventricular node and then from there to myocardial tissue to complete the electrical system.

His-Purkinje system

the measurement of depolarization of muscle cells

ECG/EKG

is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm.

atrial fibrillation

irregular heart rhythm, uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions

Arrythmia

a condition in which the heart's electrical rhythm remains relatively normal, yet the mechanical pumping activity fails to follow the electrical activity, causing cardiac arrest

Pulseless Electrical Activity

A condition in which the heartbeat is quite rapid; if rapid enough, will not allow the heart's chambers to fill with enough blood between beats to produce blood flow sufficient to meet the body's needs.

Ventricular

Tachycardia

fast sodium channel blockers

Class I antiarrythmic drug

Prolongs the action potential

Class 1a antiarrhythmic agent

shortens the action potential

Class Ib

Antiarrhythmics, slows Na+ channel block, slow dissociation

Class Ic

Beta blockers

Class II

Potassium channel blockers

Class III

calcium channel blockers

Class IV

Lumen, Endothelium, Tunica Intima, Internal Elastic Membrane, Tunica Media, External Elastic Membrane, Tunica Externa.

Artery Structure From most inner layer to most outer layer

Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

Arteries

receive blood from the arteries and carry blood to the capillaries

Arterioles

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

Cappilaries

vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through the body cells

Starling's forces on the cappilaries

Physical forces on the movement of fluid between cappilary and tissue fluid. The most important is hydrostatic and oncotic pressures

Hydrostatic pressure

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Oncotic pressure

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.

Starling's Forces

The two opposing forces responsible for water movement across capillary walls

Plasma (blood)

The liquid part of the blood; makes up 55 percent of the blood.

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

red blood cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

oxygen transport in blood

most oxygen attach to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. A small dissolved part is carried into the plasma

cooperative binding

of oxygen

as one oxygen binds to hemoglobin it becomes easier for others to bind and continues to get easier as more bind, spiraling-forward process

hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Platelets and blood clotting

Blood vessel damage causes platelets to become sticky and form a "platelet plug" Accumulated platelets release additional clotting factors that enter into the clotting mechanism

Platelets ultimately become a part of the clot itself

blood plasma volume and acidity

regulated by multiple homeostatic mechanisms, including chemical buffers, respiration, and the kidneys.

blood typing

major method of typing blood is the ABO system and includes types A, B, O, and AB. The other major method of typing blood is the Rh factor, consisting of the two types, Rh+ and Rh-.

why do people have different blood types

The ABO blood group antigens are encoded by one genetic locus, the ABO locus, which has three alternative (allelic) forms—A, B, and O

(RH) blood group locus is composed of two related structural genes, D and CcEe, that encode red cell membrane proteins carrying the D, Cc and Ee antigens

1st step of ECG, P wave

Initial bump on the ECG where it should be present and about 1 box tall. Contracting atria

2nd step of ECG, PR interval

P wave+Begginning of QR interval. Add up the boxes from beginning of Pwave to max height of QR interval and then multiply by 0.04. Usually is 0.12-0.2 seconds

QRS complex

Contracting Ventricles. Add up the boxes in this "spike" and multiply by 0.04. The usual is 0.06-0.12

T wave

Relaxing Atria

Blood coagulation pathways

intrinsic and extrinsic

Positive feedback

Extrinsic tenase activates factor X, which activates thrombin, the main protein of blood coagulation. Activated factor X (factor Xa) activates factor VII in complex VII-TF (inactive extrinsic tenase), thus forming a ________.

Regulation of blood coagulation

The protein C system provides important control of blood coagulation by regulating the activities of factor VIIIa (FVIIIa) and factor Va (FVa), cofactors in the activation of factor X and prothrombin, respectively.

stethoscope

The _______ is the instrument used to measure the heartbeat rate. Two fingers on the thumb side of your wrist for 15*4 seconds to measure manually.

Blood Pressure Cuff

Wrapped around the arm and inflated to measure blood pressure, also known as a sphygmomanometer

Palpation for the radial artery proximal to the wrist crease and immediately lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle is a common site for medical professionals to document a patient's pulse.

How a pulse rate is assessed

Wrap cuff around the arm. As the cuff is slowly deflated, your doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to the blood pumping through the artery. Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery (in the bend of the elbow) and listen to the pulse

How BP is assessed

How to calculate systolic pressure

First place the cuff over the brachial artery and it should be facing the artery. Attach the reader and tighten the valve. Squeeze and palpate the brachial artery until you cannot feel the pulse of it. This is systolic bp

How to calculate diastolic bp

Then pump 30 mercury over the estimated systolic bp and then turn the valve so it goes down 2 mercury per second. Place a stethoscope on the artery. When you here noise, that is the systolic bp. When you hear the noise go away, that is diastolic bp

Mean Arterial Pressure

= (2*DiastolicBP+Systolic Bp)/3

stroke volume

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume ) - the amount of blood ejected in a heart beat by a ventricle

cardiac output

heart rate x stroke volume

systemic vascular resistance

(MAP-CVP/CO) x 80

Effect of excersise on cardiovascular system

When done regularly, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity strengthens your heart muscle.

effect of smoking on cardiovascular system

increases the formation of plaque in blood vessels

effect of alcohol on cardiovascular system

blood pumps with more force than normal through your arteries or blood vessels. It is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke.

effect of caffeine on cardiovascular system

high caffeine intake can make your heart beat faster. Unfortunately, it can also lead to an altered heart rhythm, called atrial fibrillation.

effect of drugs on cardiovascular system

cause pulmonary oedema which is triggered when too much fluid backs up in the lung leading to failure & shortening of breath

Congestive heart failure

A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body

Atrial Fibrillation

occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall

Myocardial Infarction

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Congestive Heart Failure Treatments, prevention

Regular exercise, such as walking every day.

No tobacco products.

Treatment for high blood pressure (medication, low-sodium diet, active lifestyle).

Treatment for high cholesterol.

No alcohol or recreational drugs.

Afib treatments, prevention

Monitor and control your blood pressure. ...

Eat a heart-healthy diet.

Exercise regularly.