Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Christian Humanism

Also known as Northern Renaissance Humanism, this movement sought to reform Christianity by returning to its early roots and promoting individual education and reason.

Erasmus

The most influential Christian Humanist who advocated for the power of human reason, and wrote an improved version of the Bible.

The Praise of Folly

A book by Erasmus published in 1509, using humor to criticize corrupt practices in society and the Catholic Church.

Thomas More

A friend of Erasmus, he wrote 'Utopia', which described an ideal society based on reason and cooperation, and was executed for his faith.

Pluralism

The practice by high-ranking church officials of holding multiple positions for multiple paychecks but failing to perform their duties.

Martin Luther

A Catholic monk who broke away to create Lutheranism, viewing the Catholic Church as too corrupt to repair.

Ninety-Five Theses

A list of complaints by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church, which gained widespread support in Germany.

Indulgences

A practice in the Catholic Church where money was charged for forgiveness of sins, which Luther criticized.

Transubstantiation

The Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine in the Eucharist become the body and blood of Christ.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A treaty that ended religious warfare in Germany, recognizing Lutheranism, and allowing states to choose their own religion.

Charles the V

Holy Roman Emperor during Martin Luther's time, who struggled to maintain Catholicism across his vast empire.

Francis I

King of France (1515-1547) and chief rival of Charles the V, engaged in a power struggle for dominance in Europe.

The Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire that controlled much of Eastern Europe and the Middle East, posing a significant threat to European powers.

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, who sought to eliminate Catholic traditions from his church.

Anabaptists

Radical religious groups advocating for voluntary church membership and adult baptism, often opposed by both Catholics and Protestants.

King Henry VIII

English king who split from the Catholic Church to divorce his wife and established himself as head of the Church of England.

Act of Supremacy

Law declaring Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England, formalizing the break from the Catholic Church.

Treason Act

Law enforcing the Act of Supremacy, stating death as the punishment for denying the king's authority over the church.

Bloody Mary

Daughter of Henry VIII, queen who attempted to restore Catholicism in England and persecuted Protestants.

John Calvin

Second generation Protestant reformer and author of 'Institutes of Christian Religion', founder of Calvinism.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God has predetermined who will be saved and who will be damned.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform itself and retain followers.

Jesuits

Religious order formed during the Catholic Reformation, known for their loyalty to the Pope and educational efforts.

Council of Trent

Assembly called by Pope Paul III aimed at reconciling Catholics and Protestants, ultimately unsuccessful.

Huguenots

French Calvinists who faced conflict and persecution from Catholic forces in France.

Politiques

French public figures who prioritized national unity over religious conflicts, emerging victorious after years of strife.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A massacre of 3000 Huguenots in Paris in 1572, viewed as a turning point in the French Wars of Religion.

Edict of Nantes

1598 decree that acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France while granting Protestants some rights.

Queen Elizabeth I of England

Daughter of Henry VIII, successful queen known for managing Parliament and foreign affairs.

Puritans

Protestants within the Anglican Church seeking to eliminate remaining Catholic influences.

The Spanish Armada

Failed naval invasion of England by Spain, resulting in heavy losses for the Spanish fleet.