Chapter 7: Neutrons and Synapses

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53 Terms

1

What is included in the CNS

Brain and spinal cord

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2

Primary function of the CNS

Control and integration

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3

What structures are included in the PNS

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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4

What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system

communication; it connects CNS to receptors, glands, etc.

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5

What are the cell types in the nervous system

neurons and neuroglia

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6

function of neurons

conduct electrical signals; basic cell or nervous system,

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7

function of neuroglia

majority of all nerve tissues; supports neurons

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8

where is the action potential generated on a neuron

the axon hillock

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9

axonal transport

transporting things down the axon

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10

what is the function of myelin

speed up signal transmission

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11

All axons in the PNS, whether myelinated or unmyelinated, are surrounded by:

a continuous living sheath of Schwann cells

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12

afferent neurons send signals:

into the CNS

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13

Efferent neurons send signals

out of the CNS into the PNS

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14

efferent and afferent neurons are part of the

PNS

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15

interneurons are part of the

CNS

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16

function of astrocytes

regulate the external environment of the neurons in the CNS

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17

microglia function

migrate throughout the environment and help remove foreign substances —> can phagocytose foreign material and degenerative material

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18

function of ependymal cells

epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the CNS; help support the cavity in which we house the brain and spinal cord; help control the composition of the fluid located in the CNS

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19

can CNS axons regenerate

generally no

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20

can PNS neurons regenerate

yes

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21

what facilitates the regeneration of axons in the PNS

regeneration tube formed by Schwann cells that release chemicals calling other cells to help repair and regenerate

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22

Schwann cells _NS

PNS; myelin-sheath former

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23

Oligodendroytes _NS

CNS; myelin sheath former

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24

at rest, neurons are relatively permeable to ___ ions

K+

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25

at rest, neurons are relatively impermeable to ____ ions

Na+

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26

depolarization

less negative than resting membrane potential

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27

repolarization

membrane returning to the polarized resting potential

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28

hyperpolarization

even more negative than the resting membrane potential

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29

what happens during the depolarization of an action potential

voltage sensitive Na+ channels open as the membrane depolarizes —> when threshold is reached, more Na+ channels open

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30

what happens during the peak of an action potential

Na+ channels become inactivated; Voltage gated K+ channels open

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31

what happens during repolarization of an action potential

K+ leaves the neuron down the concentration gradient through the open K+ channels

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32

What happens after hyperpolarization

K+ is still slowly leaving, and the cell returns to resting membrane potential

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33

how are differences in stimulus intensity detected?

by the frequency of action potential generation

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34

action potential refractory period description

due to INACTIVATED Na+ channels; if you apply a second stim. during that time, on that patch of neuron, no second action potential will be generated unless the membrane potential returns to almost zero

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35

what is the relative refractory period due to

continued outward diffusion of K+; overshoot; need a strong stimulus to depolarize during this period

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36

crossing the synapse sequence

action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals —> this causes gated calcium channels on the pre-synaptic cell to open —> calcium flows into the cell —> this causes the exocytosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitters —> neurotransmitters bind to the post synaptic cell —> gated sodium channels open on the post synaptic cell —> induces a synaptic potential in the postynaptic cell

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37

what are the two types of synaptic potential

EPSP and IPSP

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38

EPSP

excitatory post synaptic potential; results in depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane; if these signals are strong enough, an action potential occurs

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39

IPSP

inhibitory post synaptic potential; postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarizes; opens Cl- channel, hyperpolarizing the cell

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40

common neurotransmitters

  • acetylcholine

  • GABA

  • Glutamate

  • Glycine

  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine

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41

what type of neurotransmitter is ACH

excitatory

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42

what type of neurotransmitter is GABA

inhibitory

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43

what type of neurotransmitter is Glutamate

excitatory

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44

what type of neurotransmitter is Glycine

inhibitory

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45

what type of neutrotransmitters are norepinephrine and epinephrine

inhibitory/excitatory; just depends on the tissue

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46

how do neurotransmitters act on postsynaptic cells

through controlling ion channels

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47

ACh uses what type of receptor to open K+ channels

g-protein coupled channels

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48

Norepinephrine uses what kind of receptors

G-coupled proteins that use cAMP as a secondary messenger

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49

what is the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

breaks ACh down into component parts, which are then taken back into the presynaptic cell for reuse

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50

convergence

many presynaptic neurons converge onto one post-synaptic neuron

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51

divergence

many post synaptic neurons diverge from one pre-synaptic neuron

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52

Temporal summation explanation

signals occur more frequently —> theshold is reached

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53

spatial summation

more axons are sending signals to the post-synaptic neuron

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