cluster B

Health Psychology

– The study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare.

Stress

– The psychological and physiological response to perceived challenges or threats.

Health Psychology

– The study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare.

Stress

– The psychological and physiological response to perceived challenges or threats.

Hypertension

– Chronic high blood pressure, often stress related, affecting cardiovascular health.

Immune Suppression

– The reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system, often due to stress.

Stressors

– Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten their wellbeing.

Daily Hassles

– Everyday minor events that cause stress.

Significant Life Changes

– Major life transitions that can be sources of stress.

Catastrophes

– Large scale events that require adaptation through significant personal change.

Eustress

– Positive, motivating stress that enhances one's functioning.

Distress

– Negative stress that can lead to health problems or decreased functioning.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

– Potentially traumatic events that occur during childhood.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

– The three stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Alarm Reaction Phase

– The initial reaction to a stressor, activating the sympathetic nervous system.

Resistance Phase

– The body adapts to the stressor but at a high cost in energy and effort.

Flight-Fight-Freeze Response

The body’s automatic, built in system designed to protect from threat or danger

Exhaustion Phase

– The phase in which the body's ability to resist is depleted.

Tend and Befriend Theory

A theory that women are more likely to respond to stress with nurturing behaviors and formatting alliances a stressful situation to promote safety and reduce fear.

Problem-focused Coping

Strategies aimed at tackling a stressful situation directly.

Emotion-focused Coping –

Strategies aimed at managing the emotional response to stress.

Positive Psychology

– The study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

Subjective Well-being

How people experience the quality of their lives, including both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments.

Resilience

– The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.

Posttraumatic Growth

– Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances.

Positive Emotions

– Feelings that engage us, uplift us, and make our lives feel meaningful.

Gratitude

– A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation.

Signature Strengths & Virtues

– Personal characteristics that define who we are and which we use to navigate life effectively.

Categories of Virtues

– Broad domains of human behavior that reflect good character; they include wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

Abnormal Psychology

– The study of psychological disorders and their treatment.

Clinical Psychology

– The branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM5)

The most recent addition of the manual used by clinicians to diagnose and classify mental disorders

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD) –

A globally used diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes, including criteria for health conditions.

Behavioral Perspective

– Focuses on observable behaviors and the ways in which they're learned.

Psychodynamic Perspective

– Emphasizes the psychological forces behind behavior, feelings, and emotions, often tied to early experiences.

Humanistic Perspective

– Emphasizes empathy and the positive potential in human behavior.

Cognitive Perspective

– The study of how we perceive, think, and solve problems.

Evolutionary Perspective

– Explores behavior and mental processes through the lens of natural selection.

Sociocultural Perspective

– Examines how social and cultural environments influence behavior.

Biological Perspective

– The scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states.

Biopsychosocial Model

– An integrated approach that combines biological, psychological, and social-cultural perspectives.

Anxiety Disorders

– Mental health disorders marked by excessive anxiety and fear.

Specific Phobia

– An anxiety disorder involving an irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Acrophobia –

Fear of heights.

Arachnophobia

– Fear of spiders.

Agoraphobia

– Fear of situations where escape might be hard or help unavailable during panic.

Ataque de nervios –

A cultural syndrome in Latin American communities marked by intense emotional distress, uncontrollable shouting or crying, and sometimes dissociation or seizure-like symptoms.

Taijin Kyofusho

– A Japanese cultural syndrome involving intense fear of offending others through appearance, body, or actions.

Panic Disorder

– An anxiety disorder involving sudden, overwhelming panic attacks.

Social Anxiety Disorder

– Intense fear of social situations, often leading to avoidance.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder – A condition where Obsessive

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal

Obsessive-Complusive Disorders

Disorders cateogrized by persistent, uncontrollable thoughts and the need to perform certain rituals in an attempt to control anxiety.

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

Disorders where a traumatic or stressful event is a core part of the diagnosis.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

– A disorder where someone has trouble recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

– Conditions that affect brain development, impacting emotion, learning, memory, or self control, especially in children.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) –

A disorder with ongoing issues of inattention and/or hyperactivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

– A developmental disorder involving trouble with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

– Disorders involving abnormal eating behaviors and thoughts, leading to distress and health issues.

Anorexia Nervosa

– An eating disorder with extreme fear of weight gain, low body weight, and a distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

– An eating disorder involving binge eating followed by purging, excessive exercise, or use of laxatives.

Personality Disorders

– Disorders involving long lasting, inflexible behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

– Odd or eccentric behavior patterns, including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

– A pattern of distrust and suspicion toward others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

– Detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

– Strange thinking, perceptions, and behaviors, often seen as odd or eccentric.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

– Dramatic, emotional, or unpredictable behaviors, including antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

– A pattern of ignoring or violating the rights of others.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

– Excessive attention seeking and emotional overreaction.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

– A strong sense of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Borderline Personality Disorder

– Intense instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions, often with impulsivity.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

– Anxious and fearful behavior patterns, including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

– Social avoidance due to feelings of inadequacy and fear of criticism.

Dependent Personality Disorder

– A strong need to be cared for, leading to clinginess and submissiveness.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder –

A preoccupation with rules, order, control, and perfection. a person is constantly tense and worried, with heightened nervous system activity.

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders –

Disorders involving psychosis and severe disturbances in thinking, emotion, and behavior.

Delusions

– False beliefs not based in reality.

Delusions of Persecution

– Belief that others are trying to harm or harass you.

Delusions of Grandeur

– Belief that you have special powers, knowledge, or importance.

Hallucinations

– Sensory experiences without actual sensory input, like seeing things that aren’t there.

Disorganized Thinking

– Confused, illogical thought patterns.

Disorganized Speech

– Speaking in ways that don’t make sense or connect.

Word Salad

– A mix of random words and phrases with no logical order.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

– Unpredictable, inappropriate actions for the situation.

Catatonia

– A state of immobility and unresponsiveness.

Flat Affect

– Showing little to no emotional expression.

Dopamine Hypothesis

– Theory that schizophrenia is linked to too much dopamine activity in the brain.

Positive Symptoms

– Extra behaviors not seen in healthy people, like hallucinations and delusions.

Negative Symptoms

– Lack of normal functions, like emotional expression or social engagement.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Cluster B Personality Disorders

– Emotional and unpredictable behaviors; includes antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

– Disregard for others’ rights and a tendency toward harmful behaviors.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

– Intense need for attention and overly emotional behavior.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

– Inflated self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Borderline Personality Disorder

– Extreme instability in moods, relationships, and self-image.

Dissociative Disorders

– Disorders where a person disconnects from memories, thoughts, or identity.

Dissociative Amnesia

– Sudden memory loss for personal information.

Dissociative Fugue –

Forgetting personal identity and traveling away from home.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

– A condition where a person shows two or more distinct identities.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

– Anxious or fearful behaviors; includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

– Social withdrawal due to fear of criticism or rejection.

Dependent Personality Disorder

– Needing others to take care of you and being clingy or submissive.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder –

Preoccupation with rules, order, and perfection.