AP Psychology Unit 6 Quiz

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65 Terms

1

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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3

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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7

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

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8

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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11

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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12

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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13

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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14

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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15

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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16

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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17

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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18

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

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19

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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20

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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21

scaffold

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

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22

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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23

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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24

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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25

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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26

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during early life

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27

strange situation

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed

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28

secure attachment

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return

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29

insecure attachment

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

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30

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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31

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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32

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

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33

sex

biologically influenced categories by which people define male and female

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34

gender

the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

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35

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

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36

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing

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37

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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38

gender role

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

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39

gender identity

our sense of being male or female, or some combination of the two

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40

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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41

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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42

androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

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43

transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth designated sex

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44

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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45

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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46

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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47

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

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48

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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49

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

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50

x chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

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51

y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

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52

testosterone

the most important male sex hormone

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53

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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54

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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55

spermarche

first ejaculation

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56

menarche

the first menstrual period

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57

intersex

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

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58

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

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59

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

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60

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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61

cross sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

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62

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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63

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse

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64

alzheimer's disease

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

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65

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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