some individual variation is explained by the effect of genes (single genes vs many genes)
New cards
2
environmental variation
some individual is explained by the effects of environment (ex. presence of predators)
New cards
3
genotype by environment interaction
individual variation can be explained by interactions between genotype and environment (temperature dependent sex determination)
New cards
4
population-genetic
change in the genotype frequencies over generations within populations
New cards
5
locus (pl. loci)
a location on the chromosome where a gene or other dna interval is combined
New cards
6
genes
sequences that are transcribed (DNA -> mRNA)
New cards
7
protein-coding
genes that are translated (mRNA -> amino acid)
New cards
8
alleles
different variants of the gene that occur at each locus
New cards
9
genotype
sequence of alleles
New cards
10
Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium
null model for population genetics Assumptions: no selection, no mutations, no migration, no genetic drift, random mating occurs
New cards
11
How to test HWE?
calculate genotype frequencies in current population
calculate allele freqiencies in current population
predict genotype frequencies in next generation
compare predicted to observed genotype frequincies
New cards
12
Law of segregation
2 alleles at each locus are seperated at meiosis, only one (randomly chosen) allele per gamete
New cards
13
non-random mating
most animals have inbreeding avoidance with each generation, more heterozygotes are lost
New cards
14
Inbreeding coefficient
F=0 -> no inbreeding F more than 0 -> inbreeding
New cards
15
mutation
source of new genetic variation change in nucleotide sequence, gene duplication, change in chromosome sequence, whole genome duplication
New cards
16
nonsense mutation
mutation that changes the encoded amino acid to stop codon
New cards
17
nonsynonymous mutation
mutation that changes the identity of an amino acid (replacement)
New cards
18
synonymous mutation
mutation that does not change the amino acid (silent)
New cards
19
continent-island model
assume one-way movement from large population on continent to small population on island equilibrium: p=pm after enough time, allele frequency on the island will be the same as it is on the continent
New cards
20
affects of gene flow between populations
increases in allelic diversity within populations homogenization of allele frequencies between populations
New cards
21
Fst
measures gene flow by variance in allele frequencies F = 0 = lots of gene flow F = 1 = no gene flow populations close together have lots of gene flow = low Fst populations further apart have less gene flow = high Fst
Studied by 0 people
