AP Biology Unit 5: Heredity Review

These flashcards cover key concepts of heredity, meiosis, inheritance patterns, and chromosomal changes relevant for AP Biology Unit 5.

What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

Chromatin condenses, sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes align, and crossing over occurs.

What is the difference in daughter cell ploidy between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces haploid daughter cells.

Define complete dominance in inheritance patterns.

In complete dominance, homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals exhibit the same phenotype.

What is meant by independent assortment during meiosis?

Independent assortment refers to the random distribution of homologous chromosomes to the daughter cells during meiosis.

What genetic disorders are associated with chromosomal changes?

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), and Turner syndrome (X0).

What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross in complete dominance?

The phenotypic ratio is typically 9:3:3:1.

How does environmental factor affect phenotype?

Environmental factors can influence gene expression, leading to different phenotypes in individuals with the same genotype.

Explain maternal inheritance.

Maternal inheritance occurs when an allele is located on the DNA found in mitochondria or chloroplasts, passed from mother to offspring.

What is the principle of segregation?

The principle of segregation states that allele pairs segregate during gamete formation and reunite during fertilization.

Describe the crossing over process.

Crossing over involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I, leading to genetic variation.