KIN 2604 Final

The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode highest among individuals between ages ?

18 & 25

median age of depression

32.5 years old

11.3% of adults who report _________ races have experienced a major depressive episode in the past year

two or more

Globally = __% men and __% women have depression

2.5%, 4.1%

In America, do women or men have a higher percentage of depression?

women

16.2 million adults in the United States (6.7% all American adults) experienced a __________ this past year

major depressive episode

11 million U.S. adults experienced a _________ with severe _______ in the past year

depressive episode with severe impairment

Nearly 50% of all people diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with

anxiety disorders

least depressed ethnicity

Asians

Ethnicity = most (10.2%) people who identify as two or more races have depression, what are the two most common races that they identity as?

Whites & Native Americans

most depressed countries are ____ & _____

India and China

Generation with the highest percent of workplace depression (16%)

Millenials (Gen Y)

Only 20% depressed get _______ treatment AND Close to 40% get _______ treatment

consistent
no

A person diagnosed with MDD (major depressive disorder) experiences an overwhelming feeling of sadness, isolation, and despair that lasts how long?

two weeks or longer at a time

What is an example of things that a person diagnosed with MDD (major depressive disorder) does?

person starts missing work, school, social engagements, or for no reason stops activities he/she enjoys

To be diagnosed with MDD (major depressive disorder) their social, occupational, educational, or other functioning must be

negatively impacted by the change in mood.

To be diagnosed with MDD (major depressive disorder) what does their mood have to do?

Depressed mood must represent a significant change from the person's normal mood.

To be diagnosed with this disorder, the person must feel that they have sunk into a deep, dark hole with no way out and no hope for things ever changing.

MDD (major depressive disorder)

What is MDD (major depressive disorder) NOT?

NOT the occasional feeling of being sad or lonely, like most people experience from time to time.

How many symptoms of the nine that are listed need to be experienced in order to be diagnosed with MDD?

five or more

A symptom of MDD is experiencing diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all what?

activities every day, such as no interest in hobbies, sports, or other things the person used to enjoy doing

What is a symptom of MDD that has to do with weight?

Significant weight loss/gain when not dieting (change of 5% body weight in a month), or decrease/increase appetite daily

How does MDD affect a person's sleep?

Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

A symptom of MDD is feeling depressed most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either _______ report (I feel sad, I am "down in the dumps,") or observations by ______ (looks tearful or about to cry).

subjective
others

How does MDD affect your energy?

Fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy nearly every day, even small tasks, (dressing or washing) difficult/take longer than usual

A symptom of MDD causes the person to feel ______ and excessive/inappropriate _______ nearly every day. (ruminating over past failings)

worthless

guilt

MDD can cause diminished ability to ______ or _______, and_________, nearly every day, easily distracted, memory difficulties

think or concentrate, and indecisiveness

MDD can cause recurrent thoughts of what three things?

death (not fear of dying)
suicidal ideas without a specific plan
suicide attempt or specific plan

A symptom of MDD is feeling depressed most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (I feel sad, I am "down in the dumps,") or observations by others (looks tearful or about to cry). In children and adolescents, this may present as what kind of mood instead?

an irritable or cranky, rather than sad, mood

psychomotor agitation

problems sitting still, constant restlessness, pacing, or picking at fingers/clothes

psychomotor retardation

slowing of one's movements, talking very quietly with slowed speech

insomnia

inability to get to sleep or difficulty staying asleep

hypersomnia

sleeping too much

Depressed mood caused by ____ (such as drugs, alcohol, medications) is not considered a major depressive disorder, nor is one caused by a general medical condition.

substances

Suicide stats for 2018 (just USA stats but over ____ globally commit suicide yearly)

800,000

This type of depression is more severe and tends to occur in persons with other vulnerabilities to depressive disorders, and recovery could relate to antidepressant treatment

bereavement related depression

To be diagnosed with bereavement related depression, your symptoms must be severe for how long?

two or more months

Normally, ______ does NOT create depressive symptoms like marked functional impairment, preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation

bereavement

Someone with bereavement related disorder can suffer from a major depressive episode during a period of ___________, such as after the loss of a loved one.

bereavement or grief

causes of bereavement depression

No ONE cause of depression, combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors.

What does genetics research tell us about depression being genetic?

depression results from influence of multiple genes acting together with environmental/other factors

Why do some people think that depression is genetic?

Some depression tend to run in families, suggesting a genetic link. However, it occurs in people without family histories

How does depression affect your neurotransmitters?

it causes them to be out of balance
MRI cannot reveal why

neurotransmitters

chemicals that brain cells use to communicate

Women are depressed _____ as often as men.

twice

What factors unique to women lead to them having a higher depression rate compared to men?

Biological, life cycle, hormonal, and other factors unique to women

Research shows ________ directly affect brain chemistry controlling emotions and mood.

hormones

Some women are susceptible to a severe form of premenstrual syndrome called _______.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Women affected by PMDD usually have a history of what that causes them to be more sensitive to menstruation-related hormone changes?

other mood disorders and differences in brain chemistry

Women affected by PMDD experience depression, anxiety, irritability, and mood swings the week before menstruation, in such a way that interferes with their ________.

normal functioning

men or women? are more willing to acknowledge symptoms: fatigue, irritability, losing interest in work or hobbies, and sleep disturbances rather than feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and excessive guilt

men

Depression affects physical health in men differently from women. One study shows that depression is associated with an increased risk of ______ in both men and women, BUT men suffer a high death rate

coronary heart disease

Instead of acknowledging feelings, asking for help, or seeking treatment, men may turn to ___ or ___ when depressed, or become frustrated, discouraged, angry, irritable, or violently abusive

Alchohol or drugs

___ times as many men as women die by suicide in the United States, even though women make more suicide attempts during their lives

4x

70 or older are at risk for _______

depressive symptoms

not enough blood to brain due to heart issue like clogged arteries

vascular depression

-It occurs when blood vessels become less flexible and harden over time, constricted.

-Hardening of vessels prevents normal blood flow to the body's organs, including the brain. Those with ______ may have, or be at risk for, a co-existing cardiovascular illness or stroke

arteriosclerotic depression or subcortical ischemic depression or vascular depression

lighter symptoms occur more than 2 years. 'Chronic' form of depression; Individuals diagnosed with this condition can also suffer from occasional bouts of Major Depressive Disorder.

Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

adjusting to some new facet or change in their lives that has caused a great deal of stress, even experiencing a good event (new marriage or a baby being born). Because the individual usually just needs a little additional support in their lives during this stressful time, treatment is time-limited and simple. Must occur within three months of the event causing stress

Adjustment disorder with depressed mood

symptoms during a specific time of year lack of sunlight in many parts of the country. Age of onset 18-30 (up to 10 million people) have it up to 5% might have it in a year

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

will experience with birth of first of another child; estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body increases greatly. In the first 24 hours after childbirth, the amount of these hormones rapidly drops back non-pregnant levels. 12-15% of new mothers. Researchers think the fast change in hormone levels may lead to depression, just as smaller changes in hormones can affect a woman's moods before she gets her menstrual period

postpartum depression

women with ______ have depression and other symptoms at the start of their period.
Symptoms = mood swings, sadness, concentration problems, sleep/eating/energy problems
3.8% of women who are of age to have a period which is five million

premenstrual dysphoric depression

(not technically in DSM-5) - a fact that limits its use in clinical settings. Slowed blood flow to brain causes depressive symptoms

vascular depression (late life depression)

symptoms of major depression along with "psychotic" symptoms, such as hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there), Delusions (false beliefs), Paranoia (wrongly believing that others are trying to harm you). About 20% of people diagnosed with MDD eventually classified as psychotic

psychotic depression

Defining characteristic = 'mood episode'- period of an extreme mood

Bi-polar (manic depression)

severe high mood

mania

sometimes mania is not severe which is called

hypomanic

severe low mood

depression

shifting from one mood episode to another

cycling

at least four episodes of mania, hypomania, depression in a 12 month period from the first episode; sometimes so severe that people cycle daily; slightly higher incidence of suicide for those who do this

rapid cycling

seven days of extreme mania and psychotic features (many times must be institutionalized)

seven days of extreme mania and psychotic features (many times must be institutionalized)

full blown

Bipolar #1

-(diagnosis- at least one hypomanic & one depressive episode in lifetime)

-Can evolve into full blown mania.

-Hypomanic typically triggered by positive events like promotion, award, love, success

-lite

Bipolar #2

mild bipolar disorder for TWO YEARS consists of cyclical mood swings.

-Highs/lows not severe enough to qualify as either mania or major depression.

-Condition usually develops in adolescence. People with the disease often appear to function normally, although they may seem "moody" or "difficult" to others.

-Often people with this do NOT seek treatment because the mood swings are not typically severe.

-If left untreated, can worsen over time

Cylothymia

Some bipolar disorders don't have a pattern & don't match other three types, but meet criteria for ____

Ex= person has depressive episodes, but their mood elevation is too mild/brief for diagnosis as mania or hypomania

abnormal mood changes

Bipolar disorder due to _____ or ____

medical or substance abuse disorder

is most used psychoactive drug in human history. It is classified as a depressant. It is/has been used in religious ceremonies through history

Alcohol

What are the three types of alcohol

ethyl, isopropyl, methanol

type of alcohol that you drink

Ethyl

rubbing alcohol

Isorpropyl

type of alcohol that is fuel

methanol

.10 BAC

legally drunk

What are the stages of use of alcohol?

1-Abstinence
2-Experimentation
3-Risky Drinking
4-Problem Drinking (abuse)
5-Addiction (dependence)

-Based on tolerance/withdrawal (delirium tremens- seizures, delusions, amnesia, disoriented )
-Negative effect on normal life/spending too much time using, abusing or recovering from alcohol
-Giving up hobbies and important activities due to alcohol
-Drinking more than intended
-Desire to cut back or stop but can't
-Using even with a medical, physical or psychological problem from usage

signs of dependence on alcohol

period in life most likely to drink

adolescence through early adulthood

-alcoholism is their #1 overall health problem
-alcoholism death rate 5x's higher for _____ than anyone else

Native Americans

food in stomach causes you to get drunk slower or faster?

drunk slower

What causes women to get drunk faster than men?

they have more body fat percentage so they become drunk quicker

Are older or younger people less able to tolerate alcohol

older

Having more body fat causes you to get drunk slower or faster?

drunk faster because fat doesn't absorb alcohol

using cigarettes while drinking increases what?

increases the time alcohol stays in stomach

drinking in a poor mood causes you to get drunk slower or faster?

drunk faster because it speeds up absorption

drinking carbonation with alcohol causes you to get drunk slower or faster?

drunk faster

the more drinking experience you have causes you to get drunk slower or faster?

drunk slower

the body metabolizes how many drinks per hour?

one

drinking diet soda with alcohol causes you to get drunk slower or faster?

speeds up becoming drunk because the fake sugar moves alcohol faster

what type of alcohol prevention includes laws, restrictions on sales, taxes

primary

what type of alcohol prevention includes intervention and treatment

secondary

what type of alcohol prevention includes rehab (alcoholics anonymous)

tertiary