Small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs
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Pleura
Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
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Bronchiole
Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
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Alveoli
Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
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Diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
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Cartilage Rings
Keeps trachea open and prevent it from rupturing even with pressure changes
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Muscles can...
Contract or relax
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Contract
Exert pulling force that cause movement
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Relax
Passively do this, usually in contraction of another muscle
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Muscles can move in
One direction
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If one contracts the other...
Relaxes
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Muscles that are opposite to each other are...
Antagonistic Muscles
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Costals
Refers to ribs
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Inspiration
\-Diaphragm contracts, allows for more space for lungs to expand \n -Volume increases, pressure decreases \n -Low pressure system
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Expiration
\-Diaphragm relaxing \n -External intercostals relax \n -Internal intercostal contract \n -Lowering volume, increasing pressure \n -High pressure wants to move to low pressure as air moves out
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Maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries
Ventilation
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Gas exchange
Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2
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Type 1 pneumocyte
Extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange
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Wall of alveolus
Simple squamous epithelium
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Type 2 pneumocyte
Secrete solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside alveoli
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Moisture
Allows oxygen in alveolus to dissolve and then diffuse to the blood in the capillaries
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Similar to Phospholipid
Surfactant
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Receptors in medulla
Chemoreceptors
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Medullary Respiratory Group controls...
\-Timing of inspiration \n -Force of inspiration \n -Active voluntary expiration
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Breathing can be...or...
\-Voluntary \n -Involuntary
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Negative feedback loop
A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
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Positive feedback loop
A feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
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Three functions of respiration
Ventilation (breathing), Gas Exchange, Cellular Respiration
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Alveoli with surfactant
Smaller and bigger alveoli have the same pressure, but different surface tension, hence the bigger inflates slower than the smaller and the lung doesn't collapse.
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Alveoli without surfactant
Smaller and bigger alveoli have equal surface tension, but the smaller one has a higher pressure than the bigger and the smaller is likely to collapse.
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Lung cancer types
Benign - doesn't spread \n Malignant - spreads
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) happens because
Elastic fibers in alveoli lose elasticity due to proteases damaging them
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The enzyme that damages elastic fibres in COPD is called