6.4 Respiratory System

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Nasal Passage

Nasal Passage

A channel for airflow through the nose

Oral Cavity

Mouth

Pharynx

Throat

Larynx

Voice box

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Bronchial Tubes

Small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs

Pleura

Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

Bronchiole

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Alveoli

Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Cartilage Rings

Keeps trachea open and prevent it from rupturing even with pressure changes

Muscles can...

Contract or relax

Contract

Exert pulling force that cause movement

Relax

Passively do this, usually in contraction of another muscle

Muscles can move in

One direction

If one contracts the other...

Relaxes

Muscles that are opposite to each other are...

Antagonistic Muscles

Costals

Refers to ribs

Inspiration

-Diaphragm contracts, allows for more space for lungs to expand \n -Volume increases, pressure decreases \n -Low pressure system

Expiration

-Diaphragm relaxing \n -External intercostals relax \n -Internal intercostal contract \n -Lowering volume, increasing pressure \n -High pressure wants to move to low pressure as air moves out

Maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries

Ventilation

Gas exchange

Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2

Type 1 pneumocyte

Extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange

Wall of alveolus

Simple squamous epithelium

Type 2 pneumocyte

Secrete solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside alveoli

Moisture

Allows oxygen in alveolus to dissolve and then diffuse to the blood in the capillaries

Similar to Phospholipid

Surfactant

Receptors in medulla

Chemoreceptors

Medullary Respiratory Group controls...

-Timing of inspiration \n -Force of inspiration \n -Active voluntary expiration

Breathing can be...or...

-Voluntary \n -Involuntary

Negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Positive feedback loop

A feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

Three functions of respiration

Ventilation (breathing), Gas Exchange, Cellular Respiration

Alveoli with surfactant

Smaller and bigger alveoli have the same pressure, but different surface tension, hence the bigger inflates slower than the smaller and the lung doesn't collapse.

Alveoli without surfactant

Smaller and bigger alveoli have equal surface tension, but the smaller one has a higher pressure than the bigger and the smaller is likely to collapse.

Lung cancer types

Benign - doesn't spread \n Malignant - spreads

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) happens because

Elastic fibers in alveoli lose elasticity due to proteases damaging them

The enzyme that damages elastic fibres in COPD is called

Elastase