Chapter 13 Psych

Aggression

Behevaior whose purpose is to harm another and it is a strategy used by virtually all animals to achieve their goals

frustration aggression hypothesis

suggests animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

proactive aggression

Aggression is a means to an end

Rractive aggression

aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state

Reactive aggression occurs even though

costs might outweigh the benefits

male aggressiveness is not merely the result of playing with toy soldiers or watching ice hockey, it is…

associated with the presence of a hormone called tesosterone

testesterone levels

increasing make men feel more powerful and confidnet in their ability to prevail in interpersonal conflicts

One of the most reliable methods to raise a male’s testosterone levels and provoking an aggressive response is to…

challenge their beliefs about their own status or dominance

Women are more aggressive in …. conflicts, men are more aggressive in… conflicts

verbal, physical

Women are more likely to cause…

social harm such as ostracisation and malicious rumor spreading

Steven Pinker said…

people are becoming kinder and gentler over the course of history

Aggression is less innate and more…

based in culture and environment – compare the North and South.

Aggression is more likely to happen when…

Cooperation

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Prisoner’s dilemma

two individuals, acting in their own rational self-interest, make a decision that leads to a worse collective outcome for both than if they had cooperated

Group

A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

In-group favoritism

The tendency to treat people better when they are members of one’s own group than when they are not

Common knowledge effect

tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

Group polarization

tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

Groupthink

tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

Deindividuation

occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less attentive to their personal values and this can lead people in groups to do things that they would not do on their own

diffusion of responsibility

tendency to feel diminished responsibility for one’s actions when surrounded by others who are acting the same way

social loafing

tendency to contribute less when in a group than when alone

bystander effect

tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an amergency situation when other bystanders are present

Altruism

Intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

Kim selection

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives, and although cooperating with relatives may look like altruism, scientists generally think of it as selfishness in disguise

Reciprocal altruism

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future