COUN 655 Exam Laws + Everything Else

Black Lives Matter movement

Black Lives Matter movement

a grassroots effort to bring light to the killings and other recognized racial injustices in Black communities across America

Congress of Racial Equity

works to promote the social, political, and economic well-being of marginalized populations since 1942

National Council of La Raza

advocacy sounding board for the betterment of Latinos/Latinas in the US

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

highlights the US Constitution to guide its fight for justice for disenfranchised groups with regard to human rights, immigration rights, and racial rights

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo (1884)

• ended the Mexican-American War

• Mexico ceded vast territories to the US

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

post-Civil War era focused on rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

restored tribal governance and reversed assimilation policies

Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional

Warren-McCarran Act (1962)

Immigration and Nationality Act amendment to enhance security and control immigration

Civil Rights Act (1964, 1991)

• prohibited discrimination in employment and public accommodations

• strengthened protections against employment discrimination

Immigration Act (1965)

abolished nationality quotas, allowing more diverse immigration

Voting Rights Act (1965-2013)

• prohibited racial discrimination in voting

• key oversight provision invalidated by the Supreme Court

Affirmative Action (post-Civil Rights era)

policies to increase opportunities for marginalized groups in education and employment

Public Law 93-638

gave tribes control over federal programs and services

Indian Health Care Improvement Act (1976)

improved healthcare services for Native Americans

No Child Left Behind Act (2002)

education reform focused on accountability and improving student achievement

Why do theoretical orientations change?

• as people experience more and with others

• culture and theory are founded on individuals’ experiences

Why is theory at odds with culture?

seeks to provide consistent and all-encompassing responses and explanations

What does our theoretical orientations describe?

• rationale and action

• brings purpose to our work and helps us orient to our clients

What comprises a person’s worldview?

personal constructs that are created within familial, cultural, and social contexts

What are the value orientations that comprise a person’s worldview?

• human nature (evil, mixed, good)

• person/nature relations (subjugation to nature, harmony with nature, or mastery over nature)

• social relations (lineal, collateral, individual)

• time sense (past, present, future)

• human activity (being, being-in-becoming, doing)

Why might cultural difference be seen as deficiency as it relates to counseling theories?

theories of counseling have specific definitions for mental health and parameters for typical mental functioning

What are the major social systems?

• religion → directly influence persons’ worldviews in a number of ways that in turn affect how they define mental health

• government → governments set the parameters for what it means to be an accepted member of society and by extension how functional mental health is defined

• family → is a social system that has the greatest potential for shaping notions of mental health

What are the general guidelines to adapt particular theories to meet the dynamic needs of the clients?

• determine assumption

• identify limitations

• simplify concepts

• diversify interventions

What does multicultural counseling and therapy do differently from traditional counseling theory and therapy?

integrates client’s social and historical context

What are the contextual suppositions of NTU psychotherapy?

• family-focused -→ assumed that the entire family is with the client even if an individual presents alone for counseling

• culturally competent

• competence based (wellness-based)

• holistic/systemic → clients must care for all dimensions of themselves (i.e., body, mind, spirit) and care for the environments that support them

• values-driven (using Afrocentric worldview)

What are the distinct phases based on the suppositions in NTU psychotherapy?

• harmony

• awareness

• alignment (characterized by congruence)

• actualization

• synthesis

What does yoga address?

the domains of mind, body spirit

What are prescribed positions of yoga?

asana(s)

What are the doshas?

• Vata —> identified with wind; responsible for movement of the body

• Pitta —> identified with fire; responsible for transformation or metabolism in the body

• Kapha —> identified with earth; responsible for lubrication and structure in the body

What do the Four Noble Truths center on?

• suffering is an inevitable part of life

• attachment is the cause for suffering

• cessation of suffering is attainable

• one can follow the path to the cessation of suffering

What are the Noble Eightfold Path?

• right view

• right intention

• right speech

• right action

• right livelihood

• right effort

• right mindfulness

• right concentration

What describes indigenous ways of knowing (IWOK)?

• reject the notion that self is separate from other or environment

• it is imperative to understand the perspectives of clients and to learn from them how they relate to a sense of self and self-in-relation

What is needed when conducting a cultural assessment of a client?

• cultural framework of the client’s identity

• cultural explanations of illness experiences and help-seeking behavior

• cultural meanings of adaptive functioning and social context

• cultural elements in the counselor-client relationship

Who has challenged the usefulness of the DSM?

people who differ from the dominant culture

What characterizes the DSM’s development?

grounded in the knowledge of European American men and on evidence from research studies that did not include diverse participants

What was a significant change in the DSM-5?

affected the way counselors diagnose mental disorders by moving away from the categorical, axial system to dimensional assessments

What has been added to make the DSM-5 more continuous?

• subtypes

• specifiers

• severity

What does the cultural formulation interview (CFI) help the clinician understand?

• client’s perception of the problem issue from a cultural context

• perceptions of etiology

• context for the problem issue

• perceived support

• cultural factors affecting self-coping and past/present help-seeking behavior

What common feeling that people express can also manifest as meeting criteria for major depression?

grief resembles depression

Why are many LGBTQIA+ individuals, marginalized racial/ethnic groups, women, and nontraditional men overdiagnosed with certain disorders or misdiagnosed entirely?

behavior that does not match patriarchal Western norms is sometimes labeled as pathological

What does culture often influence in regard to psychopathology?

• what symptoms are allowed as expressions of suffering

• how individuals are allowed or encouraged to cope with distress

• how those around the individual respond to distress or problematic behaviors (e.g., at what point intervention is deemed necessary)

• what are considered acceptable help-seeking responses and interventions and who may intervene

What has premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) correlated with?

history of sexual abuse, domestic violence, sexual discrimination, depression, and anxiety

What does the Culture and Diagnosis Group believe a culturally sensitive DSM would include?

• more extensive guidelines for using the DSM in a culturally sensitive manner!

• a cultural axis

• a cultural issues section under each condition or chapter

• examples of culturally normative client experiences

• culture-bound syndromes

• an appendix related to expectable problems in working with interpreters

What is important when diagnosing clients from diverse backgrounds?

co-constructing an understanding of the problem with the client

What are the dimensions of extent of client involvement?

• acting with

• acting on behalf

What does it mean to practice a strengths-based approach when working with Black families?

involves assessing skills, abilities, and knowledge and using those in counseling to empower clients

How are middle-class Black individuals more likely to operate?

biculturally

What diagnoses are seen in the Black community at similar rates with Whites, even though misdiagnosis may be common?

• depression

• anxiety

• posttraumatic stress

• schizophrenia

What can be a significant contributing factor to feelings of depression and anxiety even if the client does not recognize it?

racism

What plays an important role in the lives of many Black families and individuals and help combat societal oppression and increase economic support?

• spirituality and religion

• participation in religious activities allows for opportunities for self-expression, leadership, community involvement

What are guiding principles of social justice counseling?

• equity → pertains to involvement in a culture-centered approach

• access → pertains to a counselor’s choice to clarify identity construction in self and clients

• participation → underscores the importance of mutuality and authenticity

• harmony → pertains to searching for wellness by tapping into the cultural wisdom and deconstructing the process of devaluing that immigrants may be experiencing

What are the core phases of narrative counseling?

• deconstructing the dominant culture narrative → examine one’s experiences relevant to inferiority and superiority

• externalizing the problem → distinguish problems as being ecological in nature, rather than pathological

• reauthoring of the story → reflect on being successful in life despite (or in concert with) the American culture

What was the popular book written by Betty Friedan?

The Feminine Mystique (1963)

What was listed as a mental disorder by APA prior to 1973?

homosexuality

What law is sexual orientation not included in?

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibits job discrimination)

What is the Equal Access Act?

ensures that gay adolescents in public secondary schools have the same rights as other students to form and participate in student-led clubs and organizations, including those focused on LGBTQ+ issues

What is the impact of LGBTQ+ students who experience heterosexism and homophobia?

distress into adulthood

Ward vs. Wilbanks

affirms ACA’s position that counseling cannot be denied to a client based on sexual orientation and clients cannot be referred due to a value conflict

What is a result of heterosexism and homonegativism?

LGBTQ+ individuals seek counseling more often than heterosexual individuals