Unit IV - Animal Physiology and Anatomy

Nutrient

Chemicals that must be ingested in order to fuel biological processes and physical activities and maintaining constant body temperature

Metabolism

chemical reactions that sustain life for living organisms

Catabolism

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules

Anabolism

The formation of larger molecules from smaller subunits using energy

Metabolic Rate

The rate of which the body converts stored energy into working energy

Factors affecting metabolic rate

body size -> more energy for larger bodies

physical activities -> muscle burns more energy than fat

sex -> males have greater muscle mass

age -> metabolic rate decreases with age from loss of muscle mass

hereditary factors -> some have higher metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate

the minimum amount of energy used to perform vital processes

Carbohydrates

the main source of energy

composed of C, H, O

the big three includes- monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide

sources of carbs: vegetables, potatoes and grains

Monosaccharide

the simplest form of carbohydrates

eg.1 Glucose - provides energy during physical activities and cellular respiration

eg 2,3 Galactose and Fructose

Disaccharides

composed of two sugar molecules, only requires the breaking of one bond

eg. 1 Maltose
eg. 2 Lactose - milk sugar
eg. 3 Sucrose - table sugar

Polysaccharides

composed of multiple simple sugars, requires further breakdown in order to be used as a structural molecule or to store glucose

eg.1 Glycogen - stored in the liver and muscle, duel for prolonged activities and stored as fats
eg. 2 Starch - energy source for plants
eg. 3 Cellulose - the rigid structure that composes the cell walls, also provides the fiber needed for moving waste through the large intestine and colon, is extracted from the microbiome

Lipids

Source of chemical energy for the body

composed of C, H, O

Main non-water soluble molecules include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and wax

Aerobic cellular respiration

The chemical reactions that provides energy and consumes oxygen

Phosphorylation

Adding a phosphate group to ADP (adenine diphosphate) to create an ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecule

Aerobic cellular respiration

Glucose + oxygen + adenine diphosphate -> carbon dioxide + water + adenosine triphosphate + heat

64% of heat released is used to maintain constant body temperature while the rest is stored in adenosine triphosphate

Gas exchange

the obtaining of oxygen and trading for carbon dioxide

Ventilation

The process that ensures the flow of oxygen to the lungs

Nasal Passage (conductive zone)

intake air and breathe out waste

air is warmed, moistened, and filtered

the nose is lined with tiny hairs and mucus and filters out and traps dust and airborne particles for prevention

Pharynx (conductive zone)

passage to the larynx and esophagus

Larynx (conductive zone)

passageway for air to go to the trachea

covered by the epiglottis that closes to prevent food entering the larynx

Trachea (conductive zone)

the C-shaped rings of cartilage that carries air to the bronchi

lined with goblet cells that produce mucus as well as cilia that protect the lungs from foreign particles - the mucus traps the dust and the wave-like motion sweep the mucus upwards for swallowing or sneezing

Bronchi (conductive zone)

carries air to the bronchiole and alveoli

the place that splits the respiratory system into L and R

Bronchiole (conductive zone)

the airways ends in alveoli

Alveoli (respiratory zone)

one cell thinned sac that is surrounded b capillaries

approximately 159 mils in each lung for providing the necessary surface area for gas exchange

Diaphragm

the muscle that changes the volume and pressure inside the lung when contracting and relaxing