Comprehensive Review – Human Development, Filipino Communication & Art Appreciation

This set provides key vocabulary across three major lecture areas: human growth & development, Filipino language and communication, and art appreciation. Terms are defined concisely to support rapid review and exam preparation.

Human Growth and Development

The study of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes in humans from conception to death.

Developmental Trajectory

Pattern of change in behaviour or abilities over time.

Growth (in development)

Quantitative bodily change, such as increases in height and weight.

Development (in psychology)

Both qualitative and quantitative change, e.g., language acquisition, emotional maturity.

Quantitative Change

Measurable increase or decrease in number, size, or amount.

Qualitative Change

Change in kind, structure, or organisation, not just amount.

Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Model

View of the person as an integrated biological, psychological, social and spiritual being.

Biological Aspect

Physical systems that support a person’s bodily integrity and functioning.

Psychological Aspect

Internal mental processes enabling coping, motivation and adaptation.

Social Aspect

Systems of relationships and influences in which a person lives.

Spiritual Aspect

Activities related to the search for meaning and purpose in life.

Principle of Orderly Sequence

Growth and development follow predictable, sequential patterns.

Principle of Developmental Stages

Each individual passes through identifiable phases, each with unique features.

Principle of Individual Differences

Rate and style of development vary from person to person.

Maturation

Unfolding of traits present in genetic endowment.

Learning (developmental)

Relatively enduring change due to experience and practice.

Heredity

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring.

Prenatal Environment

Conditions within the womb affecting fetal development.

Nutrition (developmental factor)

Adequacy of food intake influencing growth and health.

Intelligence (developmental factor)

Cognitive capacity linked to pace of developmental progress.

Emotional Climate of Home

Quality of family relationships affecting a child’s development.

Health of the Child

Physical well-being influencing overall developmental outcomes.

Early Foundations

Attitudes and habits formed early that shape future adjustment.

Timetable for Learning

Optimal periods during which certain skills are most easily acquired.

Oral Stage

Freud’s 0-2 yrs stage focused on mouth; key conflict: weaning.

Anal Stage

Freud’s 2-4 yrs stage centered on bowel control; conflict: toilet training.

Phallic Stage

Freud’s 4-6 yrs stage involving genital curiosity; includes Oedipus/Electra complexes.

Oedipus Complex

Boy’s unconscious desire for mother and rivalry with father.

Electra Complex

Girl’s unconscious competition with mother for father’s affection.

Latency Stage

Freud’s 6-12 yrs period of dormant sexual interests, focus on peers and learning.

Genital Stage

Freud’s puberty onward stage, mature sexual interests develop.

Developmental Task (Havighurst)

Skill or behaviour expected at a certain age, leading to happiness if mastered.

Prenatal Period

Time from conception to birth, divided into zygote, embryo, fetus stages.

Zygote

Fertilised egg; first 2 weeks of prenatal development.

Embryo

Prenatal stage from implantation to 8 weeks; major organ formation.

Fetus

Prenatal stage from 9 weeks to birth; growth and refinement.

Miscarriage

Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before viability.

Prematurity

Birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation.

Infancy

Birth to ~2 years; rapid development of thinking, feeling, moving.

Rooting Reflex

Newborn turns head and sucks when cheek is stroked.

Sucking Reflex

Automatic sucking movements elicited by objects in mouth.

Grasping Reflex

Automatic closing of infant’s hand around an object touching palm.

Moro Reflex

Startle response where infant flings arms outward then inward when feeling of falling occurs.

Babyhood

Period from end of infancy to about 2 years; true foundation age.

Learning to Take Solid Foods

Key developmental task of babyhood involving transition from milk.

Learning to Walk

Motor milestone typically reached toward end of babyhood.

Learning to Talk

Acquisition of first words and simple phrases during babyhood.

Physical Hazard

Risk factor such as illness, malnutrition, or birth complications.

Psychological Hazard

Risk factor involving adverse attitudes or early emotional scars.

Teething

Process of first teeth emerging, often causing discomfort.

Babbling

Consonant-vowel vocal play (~6-9 months) precursor to words.

Stranger Anxiety

Distress response to unfamiliar people, common around 6-8 months.

Temperament

Innate style of emotional and behavioural response.

KomKonFil

Course on contextualised Filipino communication in society.

Kontekstwalizado

Context-dependent understanding of meaning in communication.

Komunikasyon

Process of sending and receiving messages; from Latin ‘communis’ (common).

Wika

Language; system of symbols and sounds for expressing thought.

Lingguwistika

Scientific study of language.

Varayti ng Wika

Language variety distinguished by social or situational factors.

Dayalekto

Regional or social dialect tied to place, time, or status.

Idyolek

Individual’s unique language usage or speech style.

Register (linguistics)

Language variety linked to social role or professional context.

Estilo (Style)

Language variation based on relationship; formal, colloquial, intimate.

Mode (linguistics)

Medium of expression—spoken or written forms.

Sosyolinggwistikong Teorya

Theory viewing language as a social tool shaped by interaction.

Code-Switching

Alternating between language varieties in a single conversation.

Lexical Borrowing

Adoption of words from one variety into another due to lack of equivalents.

Deficit Hypothesis

Bernstein’s idea of hierarchical language codes (restricted vs. elaborated).

Accommodation Theory

Giles’ theory that speakers adjust language to converge or diverge socially.

Linguistic Convergence

Adapting speech to be more like interlocutor’s to show solidarity.

Linguistic Divergence

Altering speech to emphasise difference and personal identity.

Interlanguage

Evolving mental grammar of a second-language learner.

Sosyolek

Language variety used by a particular social group or profession.

Pidgin

Simplified contact language with no native speakers.

Creole

Stable language that develops from a pidgin and acquires native speakers.

Rehistro

Specific vocabulary set used in a particular context.

Speech Community

Group sharing norms and rules for language use.

Communicative Competence

Ability to understand and use language appropriately in context.

Humanities

Academic disciplines studying human culture, values and expression.

Art

Conscious use of skill and imagination to create aesthetic objects.

Fine Arts

Painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, dance, music, film.

Mixed Arts

Forms combining two or more basic arts, e.g., dance-drama-film.

Timelessness of Art

Quality of art to remain relevant and not grow old.

Art Imitates Life

Concept that art reflects human experience and reality.

Personal Function of Art

Art created for self-expression, gratification or communication.

Social Function of Art

Art influencing collective behaviour or expressing societal values.

Physical Function of Art

Practical use of aesthetically designed objects, e.g., furniture.

Realism (art)

Portrayal of subjects as they appear in everyday life.

Abstraction

Art that simplifies or alters forms away from realistic depiction.

Distortion

Deliberate twisting of shape for expressive effect.

Elongation

Stretching forms to emphasise certain qualities.

Mangling

Depicting subjects as lacerated or mutilated for impact.

Cubism

Style reducing subjects to geometric shapes like cones and cylinders.

Abstract Expressionism

Post-WWII style featuring large canvases, bold colour, gestural paint.

Symbolism (art)

Use of visible signs to represent invisible ideas or qualities.

Fauvism

Early 20th-century movement using vivid colours and bold brushwork.

Dadaism

Anti-art movement using absurdity to protest societal norms.

Futurism

Italian movement glorifying speed, technology, and modernity.

Surrealism

Art exploring subconscious imagery and dream-like scenes.

Expressionism

Style emphasising emotional experience over realistic portrayal.