introduction to community, population, public, and global health

population health

focuses on analyzing and improving health outcomes within a defined population

- ex. people with diabetes or a specific geographical region

public health

focuses on implementing policies and programs to protect and promote health of an entire population

often through large-scale interventions like vaccination or health education

community health

focuses on identifying and addressing health issues in a specific community

takes into account social and environmental factors

global health

focuses on health issues that transcend national boundaries and affect people worldwide

aims to address broader health and development that affects many populations

population health example

healthcare system that analyzes diabetes rates among their diabetic patient population to develop management programs

public health example

statewide campaign to increase awareness about the importance of flu vaccinations

community health example

a local health clinic working community leaders to address high rates of obesity among children in a specific neighborhood

global health example

the WHO focusing on a global health issue such as COVID-19

public health nurses vs community health nurses

public health nurses

- addresses policy development and reform to address health from a global perspective

community health nurses

- works directly with the community to address health-related needs

parse's view on community

community is a process that lives with each individual

it is not defined by certain numbers of persons

ecological model

can be used for population health as a guide to examine the determinants of health for a population, and for targeting interventions to multiple factors that affect health

ex. traits, family relationships, home environment, etc

health belief model

predicts or explains health behaviors

preventative health focuses

emphasizes change at the individual level

the transtheoretical model (TTM) or states of change (SOC)

describes how people change their behavior

provides strategies to help them to do so

TTM /SOC stages

precontemplation - not seeing a need for change

contemplation - seeing a need for change, but being blocked by barriers

preparation - creating a plan to change

action - implementing the plan

maintenance - implementing and maintaining the plan

termination - the health behavior is ingrained without thoughts of reverting to previous behavior

I PREPARE

helps nurses focus on the environmental factors when assessing the comunity

I PREPARE stands for...

I - investigate potential exposures

P - preset work

R - residence

E - environmental concerns

P - past work

A - activities

R - referrals and resources

E - educate

social cognitive theory

explains a person's interaction with their surroundings regarding their health

theory or reasoned action and planned behavior

discusses how intention can drive implementation of change

systems thinking

studies how individuals or units interact with other organizations or systems

upstream thinking

focuses on interventions that promote health or prevent illness

goal is to prevent problems from happening in the first place

Penters health promotion model (HPM)

focuses on positive health behaviors

individualized approach, focuses on self-efficacy

focuses on perceived benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and interpersonal influences and situational influences

Nightingale's environmental theory

focuses on relationship between and individual's environment and health

looks at health on a continuum

emphasizes preventative care

Milo's framework for prevention

examines factors that influence a community's health and how to improve it through public policy

works with community like a partner in the health team

focuses on primary prevention

considers broader determinants of health

recognizes the role of personal choice

precaution adoption process model

describes the stages people go through when deciding to take action to prevent harm such as illness or injury

ethical principles of public health

beneficence

nonmaleficence

justice

autonomy

veracity

informed consent

confidenciality

health care technology

telehealth

EHR

surveillance systems

OMAHA system - promotes the practice and documentation to explain client care needs

social determinants of health

economic stability

neighborhood and physical environment

education

food

community and social context

health care systems

health promotion

activities that enhance resources directed at improving well being

health prevention

focuses on avoiding disease and the effects of the diesase

levels of prevention

primordial prevention

primary prevention

secondary prevention

tertiary prevention primary prevention

primordial prevention

targets social and economic policies effecting health

primary prevention

targets risk factors leading to injury/disease

ex. safety belt laws, vaccination

secondary prevention

prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs, but still in early "pre-clinical" stage

ex. screening tests, physical exams, BP checks

tertiary prevention

rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications after injury

ex. someone learning how to walk again after stroke

core public health function

assessment

assurance

policy development

community and public health nursing specialties

public health nurse

epidemiology

community nurse

school nurse

nurse midwife

nurse educator

case management

occupational health nurse

nurse practitioner

forensic and correctional nursing

hospice nursing

home health nursing

faith-community nursing