Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

Flashcards about respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Aerosol mask

8-15 L/min, 24-100%. Used when high humidity is needed after extubation or upper airway surgery for thick secretions

Tracheostomy collar

8-15 L/min, 24-100%. Delivers high humidity and desired O2 levels to tracheostomy patients

T-piece

8-15 L/min, 24-100%. Special adaptor to deliver desired O2 levels to patients with tracheostomy, endotracheal tubes, laryngectomy

Suctioning Procedure

Instruct patient to take a deep breath, insert catheter quickly to stimulate cough reflex, turn on suction and rotate catheter while withdrawing it over a maximum of 10 secs, encourage patient to cough, re-oxygenate patient with 100% FiO2, repeat if secretions still present.

Hypertension Pathophysiology

BP = CO x PVR; Factors that increase HR or circulating volume

Normal Blood Pressure

Less than 120/80 mmHg

Elevated Blood Pressure

120-129 and less than 80 mmHg

Stage 1 Hypertension

130-139 or 80-89 mmHg

Stage 2 Hypertension

140 or higher OR 90 or higher mmHg

Hypertensive Crisis

Higher than 180 mmHg (Systolic) and/or Higher than 120 mmHg (Diastolic)

Primary Hypertension

Accounts for 90-95% of HTN cases in adults, no known cause

Risk Factors for Primary Hypertension

Smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, salt sensitivity, African American race, hypercholesterolemia, high sodium and fat diet, stress, dyslipidemia, DM, microalbuminuria or GFR < 60 L/min, Age: > 55 y/o for men and 65 y/o for women, Gender, Family history

Secondary Hypertension

Due to underlying disease

Underlying Diseases Causing Secondary Hypertension

Renal diseases, Cushing’s syndrome, primary aldosteronism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperthyroidism, myxedema, coarctation of aorta, excessive use of alcohol and oral contraceptives, use of sympathomimetics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, cocaine or licorice

Lifestyle Modifications for Hypertension

Exercise, healthier diet (DASH diet), smoking cessation, limit alcohol intake, stress management, home BP monitoring

Diuretics

Helps with Na+ and H2O elimination, reducing blood volume

Examples of Diuretics

Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Spironolactone

CCBs

Relax/dilate muscles of blood vessels

Examples of CCBs

Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Verapamil

ACE inhibitors

Blocks formation of angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor), thus lowering BP

Examples of ACE inhibitors

Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril

ARBs

Blocks action of angiotensin II

Examples of ARBs

Losartan, olmesartan

Beta blockers

Reduces afterload of the heart and dilates blood vessels; lowers HR and BP

Examples of Beta blockers

Metoprolol (S), atenolol (S), propranolol (NS)