BIOL 101L FINAL

bless

When you lose weight, where does it go?

Breathe it out

What would happen to oxidative phosphorylation if there were an equilibirum of H+

Less kinetic energy to power ATP synthase, less ATP

4 macromolecules

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Fats & carbs use

Energy storage

Are fats or carbs more efficient energy storage?

Fats, less bulky than carbs

Saturated fats

Found in animals, more efficient

Monomers of saturated fats

Single carbon bond & straight tail

Unsaturated fats

Found in plants unless in a tropical climate

What macromolecule group does fiber fall under?

Carbohydrate

Monomers of unsaturated fats

Double carbon bond & kinks in tails

Protein monomer

Amino acids

Starch monomer

Glucose

Fiber monomer

Glucose

Phospholipid monomers

Hydrophilic head & 2 fatty acids

DNA monomers

Nucleic acid

Carbohydrate monomer

Glucose

Nucleic acid monomers

Nucleotides

Lactase

Enzyme that breaks down lactose

Hydrolysis

Adding water to break apart molecules

Dehydration reaction

Molecules joined together & H₂O is released

Anatomy of a phospholipid

Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail

How triglycerides can be transported in water fluid

Phospholids form a ball head out around them

What gives amino acids different chemical properties?

R groups

What joins amino acids?

Dehydration

Protein size

Anywhere from a few amino acids to a few thousand

Primary structure

Order of amino acids, held together by covalent peptide bonds

Secondary structure

Hydrogren bonds, affected by heat & pH

Tertiary structure

R group interactions, affected by heat & pH

Quaternary structure

Multiple tertiary structures together, held by R groups

What structures does cooking an egg disrupt?

Secondary & tertiary

What can cross a membrane freely?

Non-polar & hydrophobic molecules

What can’t cross a membrane freely

Polar molecules

What do polar molecules dissolve in?

Water

Can water cross membranes

In small amounts

Aquaporins

Transport water in large amounts

If glucose transport proteins were not present

Hyperglycemia

Phagocytosis

Cell eats bacteria & breaks it down

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A receptor must be activated, bringing molecules into cell

Osmosis

Hypotonic (low concentration) to hypertonic (high concentration)

What happens when you consume exessive water?

Fluid becomes hypotonic, causes cells to swell

What to do if someone drank too much water?

Administer sodium or caffeine

Hyponatremia

Too little sodium

What do prokaryotic cells not have

Nucleus & mitochondria

What do animal cells not have?

Cell wall

Insulin

Allows glucose into cell, secreted by pancreas

Type 1 diabetes

No beta pancreatic cells to produce insulin

Water-soluble hormones

Receptors on plasma membrane

Lipid-soluble hormones

Receptors inside cell

Insulin properties

Water-soluble & polar; cannot pass through cell membrane

Glucagon

Raises blood sugar by releasing glucose form glycogen

What cells does insulin affect

Liver & skeletal muscle cells

Cellular respiration outputs

CO₂, water, ATP, heat

Glycolysis inputs

ADP & P, glucose, NAD+

Glycolysis outputs

ATP, NADH, pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation inputs

Pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A

Pyruvate oxidation outputs

CO₂, NADH, acetyl coenzyme A

Citric acid cycle inputs

Acetyl coenzyme A, NAD+, ADP & P, FAD

Citric acid cycle outputs

Coenzyme A, CO₂, NADH, FADH₂

NADH in oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidized

FADH₂ in oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidized

Hydrogen concentration gradient

Powers ATP synthase to make ATP

What happens if there is no oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation

No ATP can be made

Transport for hydrogen gradient

Active transport

Transport with ATP synthase

Facilitated diffusion

Brown fat

Has protein that allows H+ ions to flow freely back to mitochondrial matrix, stops production of ATP but still burns heat

Fermentation inputs

Pyruvate, NADH

Fermentation outputs

NAD+, CO₂ with ethanol, lactate or ethanol

What does a plant build its mass from

CO₂

Calvin cycle inputs

ATP, CO₂, NADPH

Calvin cycle outputs

Sugars (G3P), NADP+, ADP & P

Light reaction inputs

Light, water, NADP+, ADP & P

Light reaction outputs

ATP, NADPH, O₂

Cellular respiration inputs

Glucose, oxygen

What provides e- to ETC in photosynthesis?

Water

What provides e- to ETC in cellular respiratoin?

Glucose

Terminal e- acceptor in photosynthesis?

NADP+

Terminal e- acceptor in cellular respiration?

Oxygen

Any drug that is a competitive inhibitor of estrogen must have what property?

Hydrophobic

As e- are passed through the system of e- carriers between the two photosystems, where does their lost energy go?

Maintain a proton gradient

Where does histamine bind?

Receptor proteins on the surface of target cells

Hierarchy in ecology

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Populatoin

An interacting group of individuals in one species

Community

Encompasses all the populations of organisms living close enough for interaction

Biosphere

Sum of all the planet's ecosystems

Mutualism

Benefits both

Predation

One animal kills another

Herbivory

An animal eats a plant

Parasitism/pathogens

Benefits parasite & harms host

Competition

Harms both

Resource partitioning

Using different parts of the same resource (different heights), can coexist with similar niches

Parasitoids

Lay eggs within, usually kill host

Parasites

Live on or within their host, like bacteria, lice, etc., usually don't kill host

Social parasites

Take advantage of social structure (birds laying eggs in others nests), "free loaders"

Is evolution entirely by chance?

No

Creationist

God created the Earth & all its inhabitants directly- species are young, created independently, and unchanging (all untrue)

Theistic

God used evolutionary processes to create life

Naturalist

All aspects of the universe are due to natural processes & mechanisms

Microevolution

Change in allele frequency

Shared derived characteristics

Traits that are unique to a group in a phylogenetic tree