GI Pathology FLASHCARDS 🥨

* **What happens when someone vomit for days?**

* hypochloremic (hyper chloride) in blood
* lower pH in the stomach

what is the PAS staining

* Staines the lining of the mucus → polysaccharides

What is the function of goblet cells in the GI tract?

Goblet cells secrete mucus that protects the mucosa from damage.

What is the pathology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/barrets disease?

GERD is caused by long-term acid reflux, which can lead to the development of Barrett's disease of the esophagus, where the lining of the esophagus is damaged and replaced by abnormal cells, and is a risk factor for developing esophageal cancer.

What is the role of Peyer's patches in the GI tract?

Peyer's patches are patches of immune cells found in the ileum that detect and respond to foreign substances.

What is the main function of the colon?

* absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food, and to eliminate waste from the body.


* bacteria + fermentation

What are the main differences between the structure and function of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

* The esophagus lacks villi, crypts of Lieberkuhn, and goblet cells, and has squamous cells lining its surface


* the stomach has gastric glands that produce gastric acid
* the small intestine has villi, crypts of Lieberkuhn, and goblet cells for nutrient absorption
* the large intestine has crypts of Lieberkuhn and goblet cells for water absorption.

What are some of the causes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

* weakened lower esophageal sphincter
* too much acid in stomach
* bad angle between esophagus and stomach

What are some of the common symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) shared by crohns disease and ulerative colitis?

* diarrhea
* stomach pain
* weight loss
* low fever
* cramping
* bloody stool
* low appetite

what are some symptoms specific to crohns disease and ulcerativ colitis

crohns :

* nausea
* vomiting
* mouth sores
* black blood in stool

ulcerative colitis

* fatigue
* rectal pain
* fail defecate
* red blood in stool

what are some internal factors that are specific to crohns disease?

* the disease can skip passages in the colon and cause inflammation → patchy inflammation
* **Fistulas:** abnormal passageways that form between different parts of the body
* → transmural ( tears through the tissue of them muscle) inflammation → feces can end up in urine
* **granulomas**: clusters of cells that form when the body's immune system attempts to contain and eliminate foreign substances or bacteria
* muscle hypertrophy
* cobblestone appearance
* fat wrapping
* serological marker: ASCA

what are some internal factors that are specific to ulcerative colits disease?

* always __originates in the rectum__ and then moves up until half of the colon or the entire colon
* serological markers: pANCA
* ulceration within the mucosa
* in children, it does not have to start in rectum

how are the different development types of ulcerative colitis

how does the rectum look like/chnage in Crohns and ulcerativ culitis?

what is tolerance in immunology

tolerance refers to the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens and to not attack the body's own tissues.

* inflammation vs. tolerance ( too much aggressive inflammatory cells or too few protective cells)

what are 2 non invasive and invasive treatment for IBD

**non-invasive:**

* steroids
* target immunosuppression



**Invasive:**

* only works for UC → take out colon(will always be in rectum)

what is IBD? and what is its characteristics?

^^Inflammatory bowel disease^^

* systematic inflammatory disease
* cause: due to a genetic defect, all leukocytes attack microbes and food
* **onset:** 20 and 60 → 25% of all IBD starts in childhood !!! ++ The earlier the onset, the more genetic the IBD

what does the NOD2 receptorees have to do with ibd?

* because innate immune system is not working( NOD 2 intracellular bacterial receptor) there is an overload of B and T cells → underlying explanation of IBD

what are the serorological markers of the two types of IBD

* Crohn’s → **ASCA**
* Ulcerative colitis → **pANCA**

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does the bolus move through the GI tract?

* passively → gravity
* actively → peristaltic muscle movement

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