Ana Final :(

Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension.

a. True \n b. False

Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension.

a. True \n b. False

False

In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin.

a. True \n b. False

False

Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope.

a. True \n b. False

False

The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole.

a. True \n b. False

True

The right and left ventricle have the same cardiac output.

a. True \n b. False

True

We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow.

a. True \n b. False

False

F-type cation channels open in response to

a. depolarization \n b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization

repolarization/ hyperpolarization

The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during

a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation \n b. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle

a. Decreases \n b. Increases

Decreases

Which part of the ventricular walls contract first?

a. near the apex \n b. near the base

near the apex

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to

a. calcium \n b. potassium \n c. sodium

potassium

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

a. an upward \n b. a downward \n c. no

a downward

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause \n __________________________ deflection on the ECG. \n a. A downward \n b. An upward \n c. No

no

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

a. no \n b. an upward \n c. a downward

an upward

Can a stimulus applied to the ventricle during systole produce a premature ventricular contraction?

Yes

Sometimes

No

Sometimes

During the normal cardiac cycle , the ventricles contract

Before the atria contract

At the same time as the atria contract

After the atria contract

After the atria contract

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to

a. calcium \n b. potassium \n c. sodium

Calcium

If end-diastolic pressure increases, what happens to the stroke volume?

Stroke volume is not affected by end-diastolic pressure

Stroke volume increases

Stroke volumes decreases

Stroke volume increases

Increasing heart rate would tend to

not affect end-diastolic volume

increase end-diastolic volume

decrease end-diastolic volume

decrease end diastolic volume

At rest,

a. There is no nervous activity to the heart \n b. There is parasympathetic activity to the heart \n c. There is sympathetic activity to the heart

There is parasympathetic activity to the heart

By definition, veins carry?

a. deoxygenated blood \n b. blood away from the heart \n c. oxygenated blood \n d. blood toward the heart

blood toward the heart

By definition, arteries carry

a. Blood away from the heart \n b. Blood toward the heart \n c. Deoxygenated blood \n d. Oxygenated blood

Blood away from the heart

Increasing the venous return to the heart would tend to

not affect end-diastolic volume

increase end-diastolic volume

decrease end-diastolic volume

increase end-diastolic volume

__________ have the most f-type cation channels?

Atrioventricular nodal cells

Bundle of His cells

Purkinje fibers

Sinoatrial nodal cells

Sinoatrial nodal cells

In a premature ventricular contraction…..

The ventricle fills with less blood than normal before teh contraction

In normal physiology, a stretched cardiomyocyte contract with more forces because it….

Has less overlap of actin and myosin

Has more overlap of actin and myosin

Is less sensitive to calcium

Is more sensitive to calcium

Is more sensitive to calcium

The dicrotic notch is due to

a. The closing of the atrioventricular valves \n b. The closing of the semilunar valves \n c. The opening of the atrioventricular valves \n d. The opening of the semilunar valves

The closing of the semilunar valves

The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of

a. Fast voltage-gated sodium channels \n b. F-type cation channels \n c. L-type calcium channels \n d. T-type calcium channels

F-type cation channels

The second heart sound is caused by

a. The closing of the atrioventricular valves \n b. The closing of the semilunar valves \n c. The opening of the atrioventricular valves \n d. The opening of the semilunar valves

The closing of the semilunar valves

The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of

a. Fast voltage-gated sodium channels \n b. F-type cation channels \n c. L-type calcium channels \n d. T-type calcium channels

L-type calcium channels

Which valve is most likely to develop an insufficiency?

a. Aortic semilunar valve \n b. Bicuspid valve \n c. Pulmonary semilunar valve \n d. Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid valve

What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor on the heart?

a. Gq protein-coupled receptors \n b. Intracellular receptors \n c. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors \n d. Guanylyl cyclase receptors \n e. Ion channel receptors \n f. Gs protein-coupled receptors \n g. Receptor tyrosine kinase \n h. Gi protein-coupled receptors

Gi protein-coupled receptors

Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the

a. bundles of His \n b. sinoatrial node \n c. ventricular cardiomyocytes \n d. Purkinje fibers \n e. atrioventricular node \n f. atrial cardiomyocyte

atrioventricular node

What type of muscarinic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?

a. M5 \n b. M1 \n c. M2 \n d. M3 \n e. M4 \n f. There are no muscarinic receptors on SA nodal cells.

M2

The QRS complex on an ECG is caused by…

ventricular depolarization

A heart block that prevents current from getting through the AV node would cause which of the following effects?

A decrease in the number of contraction per minute in the ventricles

Which of the following channels are NOT present in nodal cells?

Fast voltage-gated sodium channels

Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output.

a. True \n b. False

False

In a moderate aerobic exercise, arterioles to the intestines and kidney vasoconstrict.

a. True \n b. False

True

Increasing heart rate without changing venous return would increase cardiac output.

a. True \n b. False

False

The higher the resistance downstream, the lower the pressure upstream.

a. True \n b. False

False

The higher the compliance of an elastic structure the

a. higher the elastic recoil of the structure \n b. lower the elastic recoil of the structure

lower the elastic recoil of the structure

Precapillary sphincters contract when

a. Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low \n b. Oxygen levels are low and metabolite levels are high

Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low

Water moves from

a. High osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure \n b. Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

Can a stimulus applied to the ventricle during systole produce a premature ventricle contraction?

No

Sometimes

Yes

No

Increasing heart rate _____________ stroke volume

a. decreases \n b. does not affect \n c. increases

Decrease

The blood flow through one arteriole is ______________ the flow through one artery.

a. faster than \n b. slower than \n c. the same as

slower than

Total pulmonary vascular resistance is ________________________ total peripheral resistance.

a. less than \n b. more than \n c. the same as

less than

An increase in pulse pressure is indicative of

a. an increase in total peripheral resistance \n b. an increase in cardiac output

an increase in cardiac output

Low pressure baroreceptors are involved in _______________________ reflexes.

a. feed-forward \n b. negative feedback \n c. positive feedback \n d. resetting the set-point

feed-forward

When you are standing up the arterial pressure at the level of the heart is ________ compared to when you are lying down.

Lower

Higher

The same

Higher

The driving force for flow from the heart to the capillaries is _____ the driving force for the flow from the capillaries back to the heart.

Greater than

Less than

The same as

Greater than

The higher the sarcoplasmic ________, the greater the vascular tone.

Chloride

Calcium

Potassium

Sodium

calcium

What would be the first effect of a decrease in blood volume?

Lower venous pressure

Lower mean arterial pressure

Lower end-diastolic ventricular pressure

Lower atrial pressure

Lower venous pressure

Large proteins can pass through capillary fenestrae in

a. the testis \n b. the uterus \n c. the pancreas \n d. the lungs \n e. the spleen \n f. the brain \n g. the kidney \n h. the liver \n i. the ovary \n j. the heart

Liver

What neurotransmitter is released by most of the sympathetic neurons to the vasculature?

norepinephrine

What type of receptor is the angiotensin II receptor on vascular smooth muscle?

Gq protein coupled receptor

When total peripheral resistance changes it is because the total resistance in all the systemic ________________________ changed.

a. veins \n b. capillaries \n c. venules \n d. arteries \n e. arterioles

arterioles

Which of the following is the main controller of venous vascular tone?

a. nitric oxide from endothelial cells \n b. endothelin-1 from endothelial cells \n c. circulating vasopressin \n d. circulating angiotensin II \n e. the sympathetic nervous system \n f. prostacyclin from endothelial cells

the sympathetic nervous system

Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the aortic arch?

a. the glossopharyngeal nerve \n b. the hypoglossal nerve \n c. the trigeminal nerve \n d. the vagus nerve

vagus nerve

What does the QRS interval tell you?

The time it takes for bot ventricles to completely depolarize

What does the QT interval tell you?

The length of the action potential in the ventricle

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Decrease cardiac output

Decreases total peripheral resistance

Increases cardiac output

Increases total peripheral resistance

Increases cardiac output

Increases total peripheral resistance

In which of the following mechanisms does a decrease in oxygen trigger vasodilation? (select all that apply)

a. active hyperemia \n b. flow autoregulation \n c. reactive hyperemia \n d. response to injury

a. active hyperemia \n b. flow autoregulation \n c. reactive hyperemia

Which of the following statements is/are true? (select all that apply)

a. Compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure \n b. Pressure in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure \n c. Volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure \n d. Volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure

a. Compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure

d. Volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure

Which of the following would increase following a increase in mean arterial pressure? (select all that apply)

a. baroreceptor afferent firing rate \n b. sympathetic activity \n c. parasympathetic activity

a. baroreceptor afferent firing rate

c. parasympathetic activity

Which of the following channels are NOT present in contractile cardiomyocytes?

F-type cation channel

T-type calcium channels

When compliance is higher (select all that apply)

a. diastolic pressure is lower \n b. mean arterial pressure is higher \n c. mean arterial pressure is lower \n d. systolic pressure is higher \n e. systolic pressure is lower \n f. diastolic pressure is higher

e. systolic pressure is lower \n f. diastolic pressure is higher

The myogenic response is most well developed in which four of the following organs or types of organs?

a. heart \n b. skeletal muscle \n c. digestive tract organs \n d. kidneys \n e. liver \n f. spleen \n g. glands \n h. lymph nodes

c. digestive tract organs \n d. kidneys \n e. liver \n f. spleen

Which of the following variables would increase in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)

a. total peripheral resistance \n b. diastolic pressure \n c. venous return \n d. none of these variable would increase \n e. cardiac output \n f. heart rate \n g. stroke volume \n h. mean arterial pressure \n i. systolic pressure

c. venous return

e. cardiac output \n f. heart rate \n g. stroke volume \n h. mean arterial pressure \n i. systolic pressure

Decreasing the arterial PO2 from 100 mmHg to 70 mmHg results in very little change in the total amount of oxygen in the blood.

a. True \n b. False

True

If blood calcium levels are below normal, blood clotting will be limited.

True

False

False

In normal resting breathing, only the bottom of the lung inflates.

True

False

True

The increase in mean arterial pressure during a moderate aerobic exercise is due to the normal operation of the baroreceptor reflex.

a. True \n b. False

False

A positive air flow occurs with

a. expiration \n b. inspiration

expiration

The primary stimulus that tells you you need to breathe again after holding your breath is

Low blood oxygen

High blood carbon dioxide

High blood carbon dioxide

Which pathway usually starts the clotting cascade in the body?

Extrinsic pathway

Intrinsic pathway

Extrinsic pathway

What limits aerobic capacity in healthy individuals?

Alveolar ventilation

Cardiac output

Cardiac output

A decrease in oxygen concentration in bronchioles causes them to

a. Bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration \n b. Bronchoconstrict \n c. Bronchodilate

Bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration

during inspiration, the elastic recoil of the chest wall is….

greater than

at end expiration, the elastic recoil of the chest wall is….

equal

at end inspiration, the elastic recoil of the lung is….

equal

during expiration, the elastic recoil of the lung is….

greater

during inspiration, the elastic recoil of the lung is…

less than

during expiration, the elastic recoil of the chest wall…

less than

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is a measure of

a. Both concentration of oxygen and pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood \n b. The concentration of oxygen in the blood \n c. The pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood

The concentration of oxygen in the blood

Decreasing the heart rate would tend to

Decrease diastolic pressure

Increase diastolic pressure

Decrease diastolic pressure

Decreasing total peripheral resistance would tend to

Decrease diastolic pressure

Decreasing stroke volume would tend to

Decrease pulse pressure

Increase pulse pressure

Decrease pulse pressure

The intraplueral pressure tends to

a. Pull the chest wall outward and compress the lung \n b. Pull the chest wall inward and compress the lung \n c. Pull the chest wall outward and expand the lung \n d. Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung

Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung

Where is iron primarily stored in the body?

a. lungs \n b. spleen \n c. stomach \n d. liver \n e. bone marrow \n f. heart \n g. pancreas \n h. kidney

liver

Increasing altitude would directly tend to (select all that apply)

a. Decrease alveolar PCO2 \n b. Decrease alveolar PO2 \n c. Increase alveolar PCO2 \n d. Increase alveolar PO2

Decrease alveolar PO2

Which of the following would increase following a decrease in mean arterial pressure? (select all that apply)

a. baroreceptor afferent firing rate \n b. sympathetic activity \n c. parasympathetic activity

sympathetic activity

Which of the following would be defined as hypoventilation?

PCO2 30

PCO2 45

PO2 110

PO2 90

PCO2 45

During forced expiration (select all that apply)

a. The scalene muscles contract more \n b. The abdominal muscles contract more \n c. None of these muscles contract more \n d. The diaphragm contracts more \n e. The external intercostal muscles contract more \n f. The internal intercostal muscles contract more

b. The abdominal muscles contract more

f. The internal intercostal muscles contract more

During resting inspiration

a. The scalene muscles contract more \n b. The abdominal muscles contract more \n c. None of these muscles contract more \n d. The diaphragm contracts more \n e. The external intercostal muscles contract more \n f. The internal intercostal muscles contract more

d. The diaphragm contracts more

e. The external intercostal muscles contract more

Which of the following are found on the surface of endothelial cells? (select all that apply)

a. tissue factor pathway inhibitor \n b. antithrombin III \n c. thrombomodulin \n d. heparin \n e. protein C \n f. plasminogen

c. thrombomodulin \n d. heparin

Which of the following can be found in circulation? (select all that apply)

a. thrombomodulin \n b. plasminogen \n c. tissue factor pathway inhibitor \n d. haparin \n e. protein C \n f. antithrombin III

b. plasminogen \n c. tissue factor pathway inhibitor

e. protein C \n f. antithrombin III

During exercise….

Venous PCO2 is higher than at rest

Venous PO2 is lower than at rest

All human cells always have aquaporin channels in their plasma membrane.

True

False

True