Exam 2 Study Guide

Which of the following has the highest per capita ecological footprint?

USA

Sixty percent of the human population lives in just 10 countries. The most populated country on the planet is:

China

A population achieves replacement fertility when the average woman produces how many offspring?

2

The average number of children an average woman has in her lifetime is called the

total fertility rate

Two key events contributed to the rapid increase in human population size. They were (select two):

Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

In which stages of the demographic transition model are birth rates expected to be exceeding death rates? (select 2)

Mature industrial

Industrializing

The statistical analysis of characteristics of a population is the study of

Demography

Our case study for the human demography chapter looked at Kerala, India's measures for achieving replacement fertility in pursuit of a zero population growth.

The empirical observation that lead to their plan was that female education has a(n) _______ relationship with her total fertility rate.

Inverse

The human population grew very _____ for the first million years of their existence, then began growing ______ after that. The rate is now ________.

slowly;

exponentially;

slowing down

In which stages of the demographic transition model are birth and death rates expected to be approximately equal?

post industrial, pre industrial

Our case study for the human demography chapter looked at Kerala, India's measures for achieving replacement fertility in pursuit of a zero population growth.

Their successful method for approaching this task was to encourage:

gender equality through education

A demographic resistance factor is one which

discourages population growth

The rate at which a human population changes over time is called their

population growth rate (r)

Which of the following would be an example of a demographic growth factor

access to modern medicine

A demographic growth factor is one which

favors population growth

Infant mortality is positively correlated with the total fertility rate.

True

zero population growth is a condition in which a population does not grow or shrink, because

birth and death rates are equal

The _______, in the mid 1800's CE, was one of the major events in the history of the human species that resulted in substantial increases in the population growth rate.

Industrial Revolution

The total land area needed to provide the resources for, and assimilate the waste of, a person or a population is called their

Ecological footprint

Which of the following would be a demographic resistance factor?

violent terrorism

The concept of population momentum states that younger populations tend to

continue to grow for a few generations, even after reaching replacement fertility rates

The figure below shows the ecological footprint, in global hectares per person, of four nations. Which nation's citizens lead the most unsustainable lifestyles (on average)?

United States

In the Demographic Transition model, the first stage is ____, the second is ____ the third is ___ , and the fourth is ____.

Pre industrial, industrializing, mature industrializing post industrializing

The level of education an average woman receives during or preceding her reproductive years is typically positively related to her desired fertility.

False

_____ is the ideal number of children an individual would like to have

desired fertility

The agricultural revolution reduced resource limitations on reproduction and decreased the probability of starvation, thereby __________ the death rates. It also arguably incentivized the production of more people, by way of increasing a need of labor, therefore______ the birth rate.

Decreasing; increasing

The _______, approximately 8,000-10,000 BCE, was one of the major events in the history of the human species that resulted in substantial increases in the population growth rate.

Agricultural Revolution

An example of a non-point source pollutant would be

agricultural runoff

The major landmark environmental federal law that established the modern framework for regulation of water pollution in US surface waters is the

clean water act

Refer to the graph depicting ocean acidification over time in Infographic 1. Which statement is TRUE of the graph?

As the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increases, the amount of CO2 absorbed by the oceans (pCO2) also increases.

Which of the statements is TRUE of the environments that coral reefs are found in?

They are nutrient poor.

If present trends continue, the ocean's surface waters will be ____ % more acidic by 2100 than they were in 1800

150

ocean acidification is a phenomenon where the pH of the ocean is _____ as a result of increasing ______

dropping, atmospheric CO2

Riparian areas are those which are ______ but not directly in the water

close enough to a water body to be affected by it, and to affect it.

Coral reefs are complex ecosystems with numerous interspecies interactions. Which interaction is an example of commensalism?

Remora fish and manta ray

What effect do acidic ocean waters have on shells made of calcium carbonate?

They cause increased dissolution(dissolving) of calcium carbonate shells.

Examine the pH scale in infographic 1 shown below. Which statement is CORRECT?

Soft drinks are more acidic than pure water

The stress response in coral in which they expel their mutualistic symbiote is called

coral bleaching

An example of a point source pollutant would be

a leaking sewage pipe

Refer to Infographic 3. Which ocean zone has the HIGHEST rate of photosynthesis?

epipelagic

The majority of coral reefs on Earth are found between _____ and _____ of the equator.

30 N; 30 S

Coral is a type of marine:

animal

The addition of any substance to a body of water that degrades its quality is called

water pollution

Coral bleaching is:

when coral expel the zooxanthellae from their cells in response to stress

The _______ is an aggressive invasive species in the Atlantic which is causing severe declines in many economically important species.

lionfish

coral are

animals

In some areas of Florida, divers who remove non-native lionfish from coral reefs are eligible for a $10,000 prize. This is because lionfish:

aggressively kill native fish outright or outcompete them when foraging

What do organisms use to make shells?

CA+2

What event can lead to coral bleaching?

All of these answer choices are correct

What benefit do corals get from their mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae?

Both give coral their color and provide coral with food via sugars they make during photosynthesis.

Why do corals need a mutualistic relationship with other species, like zooxanthellae?

Corals typically live in nutrient-poor regions

The situation where a body of water contains inadequate levels of oxygen to sustain complex life in bottom or near bottom waters is called

hypoxia

When a solution becomes acidic, it contains a greater amount of which compound?

H+

The skeleton of coral is mostly composed of ________.

calcium carbonate

Eutrophication results from:

excess nutrients being deposited in to water bodies

Which factor in the ocean is key in determining environmental conditions?

depth

What benefit do zooxanthellae get from their mutualistic relationship with corals?

carbon dioxide

The lowering of the pH of the oceans is known as:

acidification

Which statement about coral reefs is FALSE?

Coastal development does not affect coral reefs because they develop far away from the shore.

The deepest zone in the ocean is the:

hadal

A pH drop of 0.1 corresponds to a _____% increase in ocean water acidity.

30

What is the major cause of ocean acidification?

increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels caused by human activity

What is the pH trend in the seawater represented in the chart shown in Infographic 1?

the pH is becoming more acidic

What is freshwater?

water that has few dissolved ions

97% of the world's water is found in

oceans

the process of converting gaseous water vapor in to liquid is called

condensation

Approximately how much of the world's water is fresh?

3%

The conversion of water, by plants, from a liquid state to a gaseous state is called

Evapotranspiration

Bodies of water found above ground contain

surface water

Approximately how much of the world's water is available in a way humans can use it?

0.001%

Which of the following would be examples of communicable diseases

coronaviruses, malaria

Environmentally mediated diseases tend to affect lower-income nations more heavily than in high-income countries.

true

Covid19 is an example of an

emerging infectious disease

Vector-borne diseases are

infectious disease acquired from organisms that transmit a pathogen from one host to another

Coronaviruses exist naturally and have been around for quite a long time. The 2020 coronavirus pandemic was initially thought to have come from the wet markets (places where large numbers of animals are held, inspected and bought by humans, then slaughtered and packaged) in Wuhan China. Many emerging infections diseases are ________ in nature, like Covid 19, making this a logical place to look. While it is possible, or likely, that this is not the source of the virus, it made sense to look there first.

Fill in the blank with one of the selections below.

zoonotic

__________ like those studying the coronavirus pandemic, are scientists that study the causes and patterns of disease in human populations.

Epidemiologists

Habitat fragmentation increases the risk of disease transmission to humans by increasing the amount of _______, preferred by things like ticks and fleas, and decreasing the amount of________, as well as by increasing how frequently _________.

edge habitat,

core habitat,

humans encounter zoonotic disease vectors

In wealthy nations we have higher rates of _______, whereas in low-income nations the leading cause of death tend to be _____________.

non-communicable diseases,

environmentally mediated.

Zika is an example of a ____ found in Miami.

vector-bourne disease

Climate change will not increase the risk of humans contracting new or existing diseases

False

Waterbourne diseases are

infections diseases acquiredthrough contact with contaminated water

Deforestation increases the risk of humans contracting diseases by: (select all that apply)

all answer choices are correct (select all)

Through the application of the __________, guinea worm disease is likely to [b] in your life time. This is only the second disease in history to go that way so far.

the scientific method

Which of the following would be examples of non-communicable diseases? select all that apply

obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease

Which of the following is an internal cost of coal mining?

wages paid to workers

the water cycle is an example of:

an ecosystem service

What is the unit of measure for determining an ecological footprint?

Land area needed to produce resources used and assimilate waste produced

Which of the following is true for a circular economic model of production?

Waste is folded back into the production cycle whenever possible

Readily produced resources that can be used and still leave enough natural capital behind to replace what we took are known as:

natural interest

The central thesis of environmental economics is, simply put, if you switch to circular business models with sustainable practices, it will be worth your investment because you can reasonably expect to receive: (select all that apply)

increased business longevity,

increased profits,

an expanded client base,

increased market good will

What does the term "cradle-to-cradle" mean when talking about product management?

Production is cyclical: "Waste" becomes the raw material once again and can be reused

To sell sustainability to a capitalistic business owner, it must be __________. ________________ business models are more (your answer to the first blank would go here too) and tend to result in a healthier business overall.

profitable, circular business models

The IPAT equation is used to calculate

human impact on the environment

Researchers use the IPAT model to estimate the size of an individual's ecological footprint.

False

Which of the following is an assumption of mainstream economics that environmental economists feel is erroneous?

Natural resources are infinite or substitutable

Items certified as fair trade have been produced in an environmentally and socially responsible way.

true

water purification is an example of an

ecosystem service

Having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food is known as having

food security

Which of the following contributes to food security issues? Select all that apply

select everything EXCEPT living minimum wage

A nation growing enough food to feed its people is known as that nation having

food self-suffiency