7/11/23: Intelligence

Charles Spearman

Early-20th century psychologist who proposed that intelligence is a combination of general ability and specific abilities.

General ability

Also known as the "g factor," it refers to the overall intelligence that underlies various specific abilities.

Specific abilities

Refers to the individual skills and talents that contribute to overall intelligence, as proposed by Charles Spearman.

Raymond Cattell

Psychologist who expanded on Spearman's theory of intelligence by introducing the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to learn, adapt, and solve new problems, typically peaking before the age of 20.

Crystallized Intelligence

The accumulation of knowledge and skills acquired through the use of fluid intelligence.

Howard Gardner

Psychologist who introduced the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that there are nine different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.

Autistic Savants

Individuals with developmental issues who exhibit exceptional abilities in a particular intelligence area, supporting Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Tests

Tests developed in the early 1900s to assess intelligence, initially used by the French government to determine appropriate educational placement.

Simon + Binet

Scientists who created the first IQ test to identify students who should be placed in special classes, which provided two scores:IQ score and mental age.

Average IQ Score

A score of 100, representing the average intelligence level within a population.

Mental Age

The age level at which an individual is performing on an IQ test, as determined by Simon and Binet.

Stanford-Binet Test

The Americanized version of the Simon-Binet IQ test, translated and adapted by Stanford University.

Aptitude Tests

Tests, such as IQ tests or SAT, used to predict future performance, particularly in children.

Achievement Tests

Tests that measure an individual's level of knowledge or skills in a specific area.

Reliability

a test’s “repeatability;” the scores you get will be consistent if the circumstances remain unchanged; in the same range

Validity

whether or not a test measures what it is intended to measure; is it doing its job?