AP Psych: Unit 10 & 11

The Three _'s to Defining Disorders

The Three _'s to Defining Disorders

Deviance, Distress, and Dysfunction

Deviance

behavior that is different, extreme, and/or unusual (1)

Distress

behavior that is unpleasant and upsetting to the person w/ the disorder (2)

Medical Model (Pinel)

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Dysfunction

behavior that interferes with daily functioning (3)

Biopsychosocial Approach/Model

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural viewpoints.; model of treating patients that looked for explanations of illness as well as potential treatments by examining the interactions of the patient's biology, personality, and social influences.

(Use of the) DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Pros to the DSM-5

Resource for psychologists; Helps to keep/have a consistent diagnosis(s) for patients

Pros and Cons of Diagnostic Labels

Pros; they help to:

• Discern/figure out what treatment you need

• Comprehend underlying causes/disorders

Cons:

• Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy

• Creates a stigma that follows a person

Dr. Rosenhan's Study (1973)

(1973) Helped shine a light on the lack of validity in a psychotic diagnosis; is the reason why we are now wary of labeling now and update the DSM a lot

Features that all Anxiety Disorders Share

(Characterized by) Distressing, persistent, anxiety, or dysfunctional, maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic excessive, inexplicable, and continuous worry/tension/uneasiness

Panic Disorders

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occurs suddenly or unexpectedly

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Phobias

A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear/irrational fear of specific objects or situations

Obsessions vs Compulsions

Repetitive THOUGHTS VS Repetitive ACTIONS/BEHAVIORS

Learning Perspective VS Biological Perspective (concerning anxiety disorders)

(NURTURE) the idea that, due to bad events that happen unpredictably/uncontrollably, anxiety + other disorders may develop V.S. the idea that phobias, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD develop from BIOLOGY, not just LEARNING, such as natural selection, genes, and the brain (NATURE)

Somatic Symptom Disorders (Somatoform)

a class of psychological disorders characterized by physical complaints or conditions which are caused by psychological factors, there are physical causes for the pain

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis)

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Dissociative Disorder(s)

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociate Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two/more distinct and alternating personalities; the main "person"/personality denies any awareness of the other side/"person", and therefore retains none of the memories from the unconscious from which the "others" were in control

Body Dysmorphic Disorder(s) (BDD)

A class of psychological disorders that contain anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating; all are a result of someone being uncomfortable in their own skin, and therefore take drastic measures by eating/purging/exercising unhealthy amounts

Characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• Problems regulating appetite/sleep

• Low Energy/Esteem

• Difficulty concentrating/making decisions

• Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt

• Recurrent thoughts of death/suicide

• Depressed mood most of the day

Symptoms of Mania

• Inflated Self-Esteem

• Inability to sleep/sit

• Pressure to keep talking (push-talk)

• Racing Thought

• Difficulty concentrating

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

two neurotransmitters involved in levels of arousal and mood, sleep, and eating; low levels of these are found in many patients with MDD

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Chronic Schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood; develops gradually, recovery is doubtful

Acute Schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event; prospects for recovery

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur.

Catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate; a symptom/subtype of schizophrenia

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, alongside Philippe Pinel, she pushed for more humane and gentler treatment of patients, and for constructing mental hospitals

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system/physiology

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Biomedical Therapy VS Psychoanalysis

Psychiatrist; the ability to prescribe MEDICINE VS Therapists; help address problems through psychological techniques by targeting the unconscious mind/childhood trauma; NO MEDS

Psychoanalysis's Purpose

(Freud) Healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when people release the energy they'd previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Counterference

nurse displaces a mother/friend/brother onto the client and again can be either negative or positive. usually neither is healthy because this isn't about you its about them; similar to projecting

Psychodynamic Therapy VS Psychoanalysis

Focus on more than childhood, face-to-face, less sexual, newer, and no id-ego-superego VS The opposite

______________________ and _______________ both considered insight therapy.

Humanistic and Psychoanalysis

Insight Therapy

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Client-Centered Therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Active Listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)

humanistic; an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; "provides relief to patients, allowing them to drop their pretenses, confess their worst feelings, and discover that we are still accepted." - Carl Rogers

Behavioral Therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes (token economy)

Mary Cover Jones

"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning + counterconditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits

Exposure Therapy

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

Aversion Therapy

form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior

Example Of Aversion Therapy/Conditioning

nail biting and nasty nail polish; alcoholism and Antabuse

Flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

Progressive Relaxation

a part of systematic desensitization; lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

The use of gentile questioning to reverse a patient's catastrophic thinking

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Family Therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia, mania, and other psychotic disorders; Includes Thorazine and Clozapine; inc. GABA in the brain to promote relaxation

Antianxiety Drugs

A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, and Valium), drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety/nervousness.

Antidepressants

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, OCD & PTSD); many are SSRI's (Fluozetine, Prozac/Zoloft/Paxil/Lexapro)

Mood-Stablizers

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar disorder mood disorders (Lithium-Salt, Depakote, Sodium)