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The Three _'s to Defining Disorders
Deviance, Distress, and Dysfunction
Deviance
behavior that is different, extreme, and/or unusual (1)
Distress
behavior that is unpleasant and upsetting to the person w/ the disorder (2)
Medical Model (Pinel)
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
Dysfunction
behavior that interferes with daily functioning (3)
Biopsychosocial Approach/Model
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural viewpoints.; model of treating patients that looked for explanations of illness as well as potential treatments by examining the interactions of the patient's biology, personality, and social influences.
(Use of the) DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Pros to the DSM-5
Resource for psychologists; Helps to keep/have a consistent diagnosis(s) for patients
Pros and Cons of Diagnostic Labels
Pros; they help to:
Discern/figure out what treatment you need
Comprehend underlying causes/disorders
Cons:
Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy
Creates a stigma that follows a person
Dr. Rosenhan's Study (1973)
(1973) Helped shine a light on the lack of validity in a psychotic diagnosis; is the reason why we are now wary of labeling now and update the DSM a lot
Features that all Anxiety Disorders Share
(Characterized by) Distressing, persistent, anxiety, or dysfunctional, maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic excessive, inexplicable, and continuous worry/tension/uneasiness
Panic Disorders
an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occurs suddenly or unexpectedly
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Phobias
A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear/irrational fear of specific objects or situations
Obsessions vs Compulsions
Repetitive THOUGHTS VS Repetitive ACTIONS/BEHAVIORS
Learning Perspective VS Biological Perspective (concerning anxiety disorders)
(NURTURE) the idea that, due to bad events that happen unpredictably/uncontrollably, anxiety + other disorders may develop V.S. the idea that phobias, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD develop from BIOLOGY, not just LEARNING, such as natural selection, genes, and the brain (NATURE)
Somatic Symptom Disorders (Somatoform)
a class of psychological disorders characterized by physical complaints or conditions which are caused by psychological factors, there are physical causes for the pain
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis)
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Dissociative Disorder(s)
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Dissociate Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two/more distinct and alternating personalities; the main "person"/personality denies any awareness of the other side/"person", and therefore retains none of the memories from the unconscious from which the "others" were in control
Body Dysmorphic Disorder(s) (BDD)
A class of psychological disorders that contain anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating; all are a result of someone being uncomfortable in their own skin, and therefore take drastic measures by eating/purging/exercising unhealthy amounts
Characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Problems regulating appetite/sleep
Low Energy/Esteem
Difficulty concentrating/making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt
Recurrent thoughts of death/suicide
Depressed mood most of the day
Symptoms of Mania
Inflated Self-Esteem
Inability to sleep/sit
Pressure to keep talking (push-talk)
Racing Thought
Difficulty concentrating
Mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Serotonin and Norepinephrine
two neurotransmitters involved in levels of arousal and mood, sleep, and eating; low levels of these are found in many patients with MDD
Schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
Chronic Schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood; develops gradually, recovery is doubtful
Acute Schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event; prospects for recovery
Paranoid Schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur.
Catatonia
a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate; a symptom/subtype of schizophrenia
Dorothea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, alongside Philippe Pinel, she pushed for more humane and gentler treatment of patients, and for constructing mental hospitals
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Biomedical Therapy
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system/physiology
Eclectic Approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Biomedical Therapy VS Psychoanalysis
Psychiatrist; the ability to prescribe MEDICINE VS Therapists; help address problems through psychological techniques by targeting the unconscious mind/childhood trauma; NO MEDS
Psychoanalysis's Purpose
(Freud) Healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when people release the energy they'd previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Counterference
nurse displaces a mother/friend/brother onto the client and again can be either negative or positive. usually neither is healthy because this isn't about you its about them; similar to projecting
Psychodynamic Therapy VS Psychoanalysis
Focus on more than childhood, face-to-face, less sexual, newer, and no id-ego-superego VS The opposite
______________________ and _______________ both considered insight therapy.
Humanistic and Psychoanalysis
Insight Therapy
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Client-Centered Therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
Active Listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)
humanistic; an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; "provides relief to patients, allowing them to drop their pretenses, confess their worst feelings, and discover that we are still accepted." - Carl Rogers
Behavioral Therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes (token economy)
Mary Cover Jones
"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning + counterconditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits
Exposure Therapy
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
Aversion Therapy
form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior
Example Of Aversion Therapy/Conditioning
nail biting and nasty nail polish; alcoholism and Antabuse
Flooding
a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
Progressive Relaxation
a part of systematic desensitization; lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
The use of gentile questioning to reverse a patient's catastrophic thinking
REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Family Therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Antipsychotic Drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia, mania, and other psychotic disorders; Includes Thorazine and Clozapine; inc. GABA in the brain to promote relaxation
Antianxiety Drugs
A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, and Valium), drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety/nervousness.
Antidepressants
a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression, anxiety, OCD & PTSD); many are SSRI's (Fluozetine, Prozac/Zoloft/Paxil/Lexapro)
Mood-Stablizers
drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar disorder mood disorders (Lithium-Salt, Depakote, Sodium)
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