ECHS Biology Final Study Guide

List & Describe the steps of the scientific method in order.

Question

Research

Hypothesis

Experiment

Analyze data

Conclusion

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

life can come from nonliving matter

What is adhesion?

The attraction of water molecules for different kinds of molecules

What is cohesion?

Water sticks to itself

How does adhesion affect the behavior of water in a tube?

Water climbs up tube

How does cohesion affect the behavior of water in a tube?

Drags other water molecules up the tube with it

What are carbohydrates?

Sugar

Pasta

Bread

Fruit

Veggies

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Energy source

What are the monomers/base units of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

What elements make up carbohydrates?

CH₂O

What is a disaccharide?

Sugars with 2 monosaccharides

What is the storage form of glucose in our body?

Glycogen

What is a protein?

Meat

Eggs

Nuts

What are the functions of a protein?

Control and regulation of cell

Form bones and muscles

Fight diseases

What are the monomers/base units of a protein?

amino acid

List and describe the structural levels of a protein.

What are enzymes?

Proteins that act as catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

What are nucleic acids?

RNA

DNA

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Store & transmit hereditary information

What are the monomers/polymers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are lipids?

Fatty acids

What are the functions of lipids?

Energy storage

Membranes

Insulation

Waterproofing

What are the monomers of lipids?

Fatty acids

Which type of cholesterol molecule is good for the body?

HDL cholesterol

Which organ helps to regulate the amount of fat in our body?

Adipose tissue

What type of macromolecule contains the most amount of stored energy?

lipid

What is the cell theory (explain all three parts).

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What is a eukaryotic cell? A prokaryotic cell? How are the different? What structures are found in BOTH?

Eukaryotic cell- any cell or organism that has a clearly defined nucleus.

Prokaryotic cell- cells without nuclei

Both- plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA

List and describe the three categories of eukaryotic cells.

animal cells, plant cells and fungi.

What is a peroxisome?  What is its function?

Small, membrane-enclosed organelles

They generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for oxidative purposes—destroying the excess by means of the catalase they contain.

What organelle is used to help seed germination in plants?

Mitochondria

What is a vacuole?  What is its function?  

a space within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and it contains fluid.

What organelle is involved in maintaining buoyancy?

vacuole

What is a ribosome?  What is its function?  Where are they made?

An organelle responsible for making proteins, made in the nucleolus

Which organelle is involved in sorting, modification and transporting of proteins?

Golgi apparatus

What is a mitochondria?  What is its function?  What process does it facilitate?

An organelle responsible for generating most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

What is a chloroplast?  What kinds of organisms have them?  What is its function?  What process does it facilitate?

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

How are the mitochondria and chloroplast similar?

Both function to generate metabolic energy, evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genetic systems, and replicate by division.

What is the function of a cell membrane?

To provide protection for the cell

What are ALL of the functions of the cytoskeleton?

shape and structure

helps the cell move around

helps organize everything after cell division

helps move important stuff like proteins and other molecules to where they need to go.

How is a cell wall different from a cell membrane?  What is its function?  What cells have them?

Cell wall- separates the interior contents of the cell from the exterior environment. (plant cells)

Cell membrane- provides protection for a cell and transports nutrients into and out of the cell (all cells)

What is an autotroph?  A heterotroph?  Give an example of each.

Autotroph- organisms that produce their own food (plants)

Heterotroph- an organism that eats other organisms for energy (animals)

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert light into chemical energy that plants can use to make their own food

What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis? What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

Reactants- water and carbon dioxide

Products- glucose (sugar) and oxygen

6CO₂+6H₂O→C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂

What are the products of the light dependent reaction?

ATP and NADPH

List and describe the alternative pathways for photosynthesis.

C4- increases the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells. This process helps plants reduce losses in hot, dry environments

CAM- plants use stomata to collect carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid in vacuoles.

What are the three reactions, in order, of aerobic (cellular) respiration? Where do each stage take place in the cell?

1. glycolysis (cytoplasm)

2.the Krebs cycle (mitochondria)

3. electron transport (mitochondria).

Which stage generates the most ATP in the body?

electron transport

How is cellular respiration different from fermentation?

oxygen is used in cellular respiration but not in fermentation

What are the two types of fermentation? What are the products of both?

alcoholic fermentation (2 ATP ) and lactic acid fermentation (2 ATP, 2 pyruvate)

What is the equation for cellular respiration? What are the reactants and products?

C₆H₁₂ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (as ATP).

Reactants- glucose (sugar) and oxygen

Products- energy (or ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

What enzyme is involved in the production of ATP in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

ATP-Synthase

The concentration gradient of what ion helps in the production of ATP in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Hydrogen

How would you describe the relationship of photosynthesis and respiration?  What effects do they have on each other and the environment?

Photosynthesis makes glucose which is used in cellular respiration for making ATP. The glucose is then transformed back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis.

During cellular respiration, how much ATP (approximately) is netted from each glucose?

cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Explain the types of reproduction. What type of reproduction results from the union of gametes?

Asexual reproduction- Involves a single parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. 

Sexual reproduction- Process of creating new individual using two parent organisms

What type of cellular division results in genetically identical offspring?

Mitosis

Difference between diploid and haploid?  What are the diploid and haploid numbers for humans?  What cells are diploid?  Haploid?

Diploid- 2 set of chromosomes (all cells minus sex cells)

Haploid- 1 sets of chromosomes (gametes)

The diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 46. The diploid number is 23

What are the stages of interphase? Indicate what happens in each.

G1 phase (cell growth)

S phase (DNA synthesis)

G2 phase (cell growth)

What is mitosis?  What is the end result of mitosis?

a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. 

List and describe each checkpoint of the cell cycle.

G₁- cells decide whether or not to proceed with division 

G₂- cells monitor DNA integrity and replication accuracy, and prevent cells from entering mitosis if DNA is damaged.

M- cells examine whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.

What are the phases of mitosis in order?  What happens during each?

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and shorten

Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and become fully compacted

Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane reforms 

What is meiosis? What is the end result of meiosis?

 a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

What is the result of crossing over and the shuffling of chromosomes?

two recombinant chromosomes and two non-recombinant chromosomes.

What are the phases of meiosis in order?  What happens during each?

Prophase I: Chromosomes thicken and form from chromatids, and the nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and align on a single plane

Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate

Telophase I: Duplicate genetic materials separate, forming two identical daughter cells

Prophase II: Occurs without DNA replication

Metaphase II: Sister chromatids arrange at the cell's midpoint

Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate

Telophase II: The final phase of meiosis, where duplicate genetic materials separate to form two identical daughter cells 

What is nondisjunction? What is the result?

when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids don't separate properly during cell division, resulting in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.

How do the daughter cells produced during mitosis differ from those produced during meiosis?

meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Describe the three types of life cycles.  Identify what organisms use each.

Haplontic life cycle- fungi and green algae

Diplontic life cycle- some algae and seed bearing plants

Haplodiplontic life cycle- Mosses, Ferns, Certain insects, Pteridophytes, and Angiosperms

What is metamorphosis?  Explain the difference between incomplete and complete metamorphosis.

a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth transformation or hatching

The complete metamorphosis occurs through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The incomplete metamorphosis occurs through three stages: egg, nymph, and adult.

What is the function of DNA?

blueprint/ code for organism systems and functions

What is DNA replication?  What is produced during DNA replication? Where in the cell is does it occur?

The process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule to produce two identical copies.

Two identical copies of double stranded DNA

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells. 

What is transcription? What is produced during transcription? Where in the cell does it occur?

DNA makes RNA

RNA

Ribosome

What is translation?  What is produced during translation? Where in the cell does it occur?

RNA produces proteins

Proteins

Mitochondria

What information is coded for in your genes (DNA)?

A specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules

What is the correct order of the following three terms? RNA, DNA, Proteins

DNA, RNA, Proteins

How many different amino acids are there?

20

What is a mutation?

A genetic change/error in the karyotype 

What is inheritance?

The act of passing on traits to offspring

What are genes? What are alleles? How are they related? How are they different?

Segments of DNA that code for proteins 

The alternative form of a gene 

An allele is a variation of a gene 

Alleles are different versions of a gene, which vary according to the nucleotide base present at a particular genome location

What does homozygous mean? What does heterozygous mean?

The same allele/both genes are dominant 

A hybrid of a dominant allele and a recessive one

What are the 8 taxa?

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

What is binomial nomenclature? Why is it useful/important? What is the scientific name for humans?

The system of organism naming

Sorts and divides the categories of organisms

Homo sapiens

What are the characteristics of mammals?

• Are vertebrates (which means they have a backbone or spine).

• Warm blooded (endothermic)

• Have hair on their bodies.

• Produce milk to feed their babies.

• Embryo development within mother (live birth)

What are the characteristics of insects?

• Invertebrates - Exoskeleton - shell like outer covering

• Jointed Appendages

• Go through metamorphosis

• Body divided into 3 parts (head, thorax, abdomen

• 3 pairs of legs

• Ectothermic (“cold blooded”)

• Pair of antennae

What types of organisms use metamorphosis?

Amphibians and insects

What types of organisms lay hard-shelled eggs?

Birds and reptiles

What can we learn by looking at phylogenetic trees?

How close and what traits are from common ancestors

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How are organisms classified according to modern classification?

Grouped based physical traits

What can we learn from the relationship between the relationship between oxygen levels on Earth and the size of the organism (Hint: See MCC Geological History of Oxygen on Earth)

The smaller the organism the less oxygen it will need to survive

What is the Cambrian Explosion?

A period where biodiversity increased significantly

Based on fossil evidence, what do we know about the first organisms?

They were cyanobacteria

What have we learned about the migration of humans on Earth (Hint: See MCC Human Migration)

Started in Africa and migrated towards Asia then Australia and North/South America

Describe the following trends observed in the MCC: Earth Viewer activity:

Temperature

Carbon Dioxide

Day Length

Biodiversity

1. Temperature : increased(still going)

2. Carbon Dioxide : decreased

3. Day Length : increased

4. Biodiversity : increased

What is Ardipithecus (See MCC Human Evolution Activity)

Closest and most commonly shared ancestor between monkeys and humans

Define: Producers, Consumers, Carnivores, Omnivores, Herbivores, Detritivores, Decomposers

Producers- organisms that make their own food

Consumers- an organism that gets energy by eating other organisms

Omnivores- an organism that eats plants and animals

Herbivores- an organism that mostly feeds on plants.

Detritivores- organisms that break-down and feed on dead and decaying organic material

Decomposers- organisms that breaks down or eats decaying material for its energy source

What is a food web? How is that different from a food chain? Which is more realistic? Why?

Network of feeding interactions 

A series of steps of organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten 

Food web 

Compares and shows all food chains within an ecosystem

What percentage of energy gets passed from one trophic level to the next? What happens to the rest of it?

10%

the rest (90%) is given off as body heat

What is biological magnification?

The increasing concentration of persistent toxic substances at each trophic level

What is the major reservoir of the water cycle? The carbon cycle? The phosphorous cycle?

The ocean

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Sedimentary rock throughout the world