Sleep and Dreaming Exam 2

1.     ______ report more insomnia than ______, though _____ tend to sleep better when studied.

a.     Men, women, men

b.    Adolescents, adults, adolescents

c.     Women, men, women

d.    Adults, adolescents, adults

c.     Women, men, women

1.     Sleep apnea causes disruptions in what phase of sleep?

a.     N1

b.    N2

c.     N3 (slow wave sleep)

d.    REM sleep

c.     N3 (slow wave sleep)

1.     Which sleep-related hormone do people with narcolepsy have low levels of?

a.     Melatonin

b.    Orexin

c.     Cortisol

d. Ghrelin

b.    Orexin

1.     ______ and ______ are chronobiotics, meaning they have the ability to shift the body clock, affect the body differently depending on the time of day, and can be used to treat Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders.

a.     Temperature, noise level

b.    Temperature, orexin

c.     Light, temperature

d.    Light, melatonin

d.    Light, melatonin

1.     Events of parasomnia categorized under “confusional arousals” tend to take place during which stage of sleep?

a.     N1

b.    N2

c.     N3 (slow wave sleep)

d.    REM sleep

c.     N3 (slow wave sleep)

1.     Around 1/3 of people 60+ and 15% of people with insomnia also deal with what sleep-related movement disorder?

a.     Sleepwalking

b.    Sleep eating

c.     Restless Leg Syndrome

d.    Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

d.    Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

1.     What is the first thing we lose when we are sleepy?

a.     Detail-oriented cognitive tasks

b.    Simple, seemingly automatic tasks

c.     Sensory input abilities

d.    Executive functioning

b.    Simple, seemingly automatic tasks

1.     What is the threshold of sleep that puts people at risk of cardiovascular disease?

a.     Less than 7 hours of sleep

b.    Less than 6 hours of sleep

c.     Less than 5 hours of sleep

d.    Less than 4 hours of sleep

b.    Less than 6 hours of sleep

1.     People who sleep less than 6 hours a night have a 2-to-3-fold increase in ______ risk because of the changes in insulin, ghrelin, and leptin production in the body.

a.     Cardiovascular

b.    Insomnia

c.     Narcolepsy

d.    Diabetes

d.    Diabetes

1.     Studies suggest sleep restriction increases levels of circulating ______ which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

a.     Cytokines

b.    Neuropeptides

c.     Basophils

d.    Acids

a.     Cytokines

Shift workers have a 50% increased risk of ______ and ______ cancer compared to those that work during the day.

breast, prostate

1.     Patients with alcohol problems show long-term sleep disturbances in which phases of sleep?

a.     Drowsiness and N1

b.    N2 and N3

c.     N3 and REM

d.    All of the above

c.     N3 and REM

1.        How many events of OSA do you need per hour to classify a formal diagnosis?

A.       3

B.       9

C.      15

D.      5

C.      15

1.        What group of people is likely to be majorly effected by advanced sleep phase disorder?

A.       Elders

B.       Infants

C.      Young adults

D.      Middle aged women

A.       Elders

1.        When is the most common time for a heart attack?

A.       5pm-6pm

B.       2am-5am

C.      6am-12pm

D.      6pm-12am

C.      6am-12pm

1.        What percent increase do people with circadian rhythm dysfunction have of getting cancer?

A.       5%

B.       15%

C.      81%

D.      50%

D.      50%

1. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD how many major categories of sleep disorders are there, and what is a common consequence of untreated sleep disorders? 

   a. 5 categories; minor impact on quality of life 

   b. 8 categories; long-term effects on health and wellbeing 

   c. 6 categories; only affects those with formal diagnoses 

   d. 10 categories; mostly caused by trauma or stress 

b. 8 categories; long-term effects on health and wellbeing

5. A teenager struggles to fall asleep until very late at night and has difficulty waking up for school in the morning. Based on circadian rhythm sleep disorders, which treatment approach is MOST likely to help? 

   a. Increase exposure to bright light in the evening and take melatonin in the morning 

   b. Decrease light exposure in the evening and take melatonin before bedtime 

   c. Increase exposure to bright light in the morning and take melatonin in the evening 

   d. Increase caffeine intake in the afternoon and avoid melatonin 

c. Increase exposure to bright light in the morning and take melatonin in the evening 

11. Which of the following best explains how sleep restriction can contribute to weight gain and metabolic disorders? 

    a. Sleep restriction increases leptin levels and decreases ghrelin levels, reducing appetite. 

    b. Sleep restriction has no effect on hormones regulating appetite but increases physical activity.  

    c. Sleep restriction decreases leptin levels and increases ghrelin levels, leading to increased hunger and carbohydrate craving. 

    d. Sleep restriction only increases eating time without changing hormonal balance. 

c. Sleep restriction decreases leptin levels and increases ghrelin levels, leading to increased hunger and carbohydrate craving

1.     Which of these factors most significantly contributes to shift workers inability to “reset” their circadian rhythms to fit their work schedules?

 

a.     Body temperature after shifts

b.    Melatonin and cortisol levels during shifts

c.     Microsleeps during shifts

d.    Daylight after shifts

d.    Daylight after shifts

1.     What is the relationship between Alzheimer’s and SCRD in patients?

a.     Regulating sleep in patients with Alzheimer’s typically causes additional, unnecessary stress

b.    The stabilization of sleep in patients with Alzheimer’s is impossible because of the level of care it would necessitate

c.     Stabilizing sleep in patients with Alzheimer’s can improve their abilities in their day-to-day life

d.    Stabilizing sleep in patients with Alzheimer’s causes the neurodegenerative process to slow down

c.     Stabilizing sleep in patients with Alzheimer’s can improve their abilities in their day-to-day life

1.     Night terrors typically occur during _____ sleep, while nightmares typically occur during ______ sleep.

a.     Deep, light

b.    Light, deep

c.     REM, NREM

d.    NREM, REM

d.    NREM, REM

1.     What is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

a.     A disorder that causes one to enact their dreams physically during REM sleep

b.    A disorder that causes one to have larger periods of REM sleep at the beginning of their sleep period

c.     A behavioral disorder that causes those who have it to experience heightened emotions when awakened from REM sleep

d.    A disorder in that REM sleep is affected by the behaviors one displays right before they go to sleep

a.     A disorder that causes one to enact their dreams physically during REM sleep

1.     Which natural class of psychosis is dreaming most like?

a.     Schizophrenia

b.    Major Affective Disorder (depression, mania, etc.)

c.     Organic mental illness (delirium from drugs or high fever)

d.    All of the above

e.     None of the above

c.     Organic mental illness (delirium from drugs or high fever)

1.     Anxiety impedes sleep by _______ the set-point for aminergic systems which mediate waking and ______ sleep.

a.     Increasing, inhibit

b.    Decreasing, inhibit

c.     Increasing, facilitate

d.    Decreasing, facilitate

a.     Increasing, inhibit

1.     What is the primary reason night shift work leads to long-term health problems?

a.     Chronic misalignment between internal circadian rhythms and external light-dark cycles disrupts sleep and metabolism

b.     Night shift workers consume more caffeine and sugar than day workers

c.     The circadian system fully adapts to night work only after several years

d.     Artificial lighting in workplaces is too bright and overstimulates the brain

a.     Chronic misalignment between internal circadian rhythms and external light-dark cycles disrupts sleep and metabolism

1.     Which of the following best explains why sleepwalking occurs?

a.     The entire brain is fully awake, but the body remains paralyzed during sleep.

b.     Motor command centers in the lower brain are partially activated during NREM sleep while the upper brain remains asleep, leading to automatic movements.

c.     Sleepwalking happens only during REM sleep due to vivid dream imagery causing movement.

d.     Sleepwalking is caused by voluntary control of muscles during deep sleep.

Motor command centers in the lower brain are partially activated during NREM sleep while the upper brain remains asleep, leading to automatic movements.

1.     Which of the following best describes the relationship between sleep deprivation and mental illness?

a.     Sleep deprivation only causes mild tiredness with no impact on mental health.

b.     Sleep deprivation can contribute to the development and worsening of psychosis and mood disorders.

c.     Sleep deprivation improves REM sleep and reduces symptoms of depression.

d.     Sleep deprivation is unrelated to brain neurotransmitter activity.

b.     Sleep deprivation can contribute to the development and worsening of psychosis and mood disorders.

1.     How many consecutive hours of wakefulness causes performance impairment equivalent to being drunk?

a.     48 hours

b.    36 hours

c.     24 hours

d.    12 hours

c.     24 hours

1.     What length of “power nap” is ideal for improving alertness and performance in the workplace?

a.     10-30min

b.    30-60min

c.     60-75 minutes

d.    None, a power nap does not improve alertness and performance

a.     10-30min

1.     Beyond solely shift workers, what percentage of the workforce have their sleep hours dramatically disrupted?

a.     7%

b.    18%

c.     20%

d.    22%

d.    22%

1.     How far before bedtime is caffeine recommended to stop being consumed?

a.     12 hours

b.    5 hours

c.     3 hours

d.    1.5 hours

b.    5 hours

1.     What type of cancer has an increased risk due to shift work?

a.     Breast cancer

b.    Prostate cancer

c.     Colorectal cancer

d.    All of the above

e.     None of the above

d.    All of the above

1.     What time does melatonin production usually being?

a.     9-10PM

b.    10-11PM

c.     11-12PM

d.    12-1AM

a.     9-10PM

What are three types of behavioral measures that can measure sleepiness?

psychomotor vigilance tasks, skills tasks, real life simulations

Although they measure the same thing, in the ______ test, a patient is prompted to fall asleep as quickly as they can, while in the ______ test a patient is prompted to try to stay awake for as long as they can.

MSLT (multiple sleep latency test), MWT (maintenance of wakefulness test)

Pupil response is _______ when sleepy

slower

While both measure sleep, the _______ ________ _____ measures state sleepiness, while the ________ _________ ______ measures trait sleepiness

Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale

________ are abnormal behaviors, experiences, or perceptions of sleep

parasomnias

_________ ________ is the diagnosis of someone who sleeps too much with an unknown root cause

idiopathic hypersomnia

A _______ is a time cue that helps one’s circadian rhythm stay on track

zeitgeber

________ sleep phase disorder refers to someone’s internal clock being ahead, while _________ sleep phase disorder refers to someone’s internal clock being behind

advanced, delayed

Adolescents typically reflect a(n) _________ sleep phase disorder

delayed

Elderly people typically reflect a(n) _________ sleep phase disorder

advanced

Shift workers get ___-___ less hours of sleep per week than daytime workers in the same position

5-7

The average American sleeps ____ hours a night

6.5

Sleep deprivation leads to ________ resistance, which is a risk factor in obesity and diabetes

insulin

Each hour of sleep reduction one experience causes a ___% increase in odds of obesity

a. 14

b. 24

c. 34

d. 44

b. 24

Sleep deprivation results in a reduction of ______ _______ and _______ cells

natural killer, interleukin

Bone density ________ as a consequence of sleep deprivation, and is unlikely to improve with recovered sleep

decreases

________ cell turn over decreases as a consequence of sleep deprivation, and is unlikely to improve with recovered sleep

intestinal

Chronic high cortisol levels kill cells in what part of the brain?

hippocampus

Sleep deprivation most prevalently affects the ______ ______ _______ of the brain

pre frontal cortex

Which part of the brain is second-handedly affected by the loss of pre frontal cortex function?

the limbic system

24 hours of sleep deprivation is equal to a ____% blood alcohol

0.1

name 5 cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation

decreased memory, motivation, concentration, attention, innovation, and cognitive flexibility

name 3 affective deficits due to sleep deprivation

increased irritability, anxiety, and depression