1. Biomolecules

Monomer

molecule that can be covalently bonded to another identical or similar molecule to form a polymer

Carbohydrate general formula

CH₂O

Colours of these biomolecules

1. Carbon

2. Hydrogen

3. Oxygen

4. Nitrogen

5. Sulphur

6. Phosphor

1. Carbon - black/grey

2. Hydrogen - white

3. Oxygen - red

4. Nitrogen - blue

5. Sulphur - yellow

6. Phosphor - orange

Alcohol

Thiol

Aldehyde

Ketone

Carboxylic Acid

Amine (1, 2, 3)

Hydroxyl group

Sulfhydryl group

Acyl group

Amino group

Carbonyl group

Phosphate group

Carboxylate group

Phosphoryl group

Ester group/linkage

Ether group/linkage

Amide group/linkage

Phosphate ester group/linkage

Phosphoanyhdride group/linkage

Thioester linkage

Dehydration reaction

loss of H₂O from reactants, joins two molecules

Formation of ester linkage

Carboxyl group + hydroxyl group

Formation of amide linkage

Carboxyl group + amino groupR

Residue

Monomer that is a part of a polymer. Usually different in structure.W

Peptide bond

Bond joining amino acids monomer into protein polymer

Phosphodiester bond

Bond joining nucleotide monomers into nucleic acid polymers

Hydrogen donor

hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom (O, N, S)

Hydrogen acceptor

lone pair of electrons associated with an electronegative atom (O, N, S)

Which is longer: hydrogen or covalent bond? What does this mean?

Hydrogen bond makes it weakerHOw m

How many H-bonds can water form (theoretically)?

4: 2 donor and 2 acceptor

How many H-bonds can ice form vs water?

4 for ice, 3 for water

How many H-bonds can hydronium ion form

4: 3 donor, 1 acceptor

How many H-bonds can hydroxide ion form

4: 1 donor, 3 acceptor

Why are non-covalent molecules important for interactions

Weak bonds easily break and form allowing for quick transformations and interactions with other molecules

Ionic interactions are weaker than covalent interactions. True or false?

True

Different between van der Waals and H bonds

Both are dipole interactions but van der Waals does not include H₂O.

What are the types of van der Waals forces. Describe each.

Dipole-dipole interactions: between polar non-charged groups

London dispersion forces: between nonpolar molecules

Rank in order of increasing strength: H-bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces

LDF < D-D < H-bond

Hydrophobic effect

tendency of water to minimize its contact with nonpolar substances. causes substances to aggregate

Examples of donor groups in H-bonds

N-H, O-H, s-H

Examples of acceptor groups in H-bonds

O with two lone pairs. N with one lone pair. s with one lone pair

Explain the following image

The non-polar molecule is placed into water and causes water molecules to become constrained around it (orange). Figure a is less favourable for water because there is lower entropy. Due to the hydrophic effect, the non-polar molecules want to interact so they aggregate and result in figure b which is more favourable for water due to the higher entropy it has.Am

Amphipathic/amphiphilic molecules

Experience hydrophilic interactions and hydrophobic effect at the same time. (more hydrophobic is usually amphipathic)

Micelle

Fatty acids with polar head and non-polar tail join to form spherical structure

How is a bilayer formed

Membrane lipids join to position polar head towards water and non-polar parts away from water