Exam 2 - Cognitive

______ refers to knowledge about spatial position and movement information occurring form mechanical stimulation of mobile joints, muscles, and tendons, while _____ refers to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Kinesthetic sensitivity; Vestibular sensitivity

When John is exercising, he receives sensations from his muscles and joints that indicate his body’s position. This is known as…

Proprioception

Information from the sensory hair cells connects with the ___ cranial nerve, which then projects to the ______.

8^th; Cochlear nucleus

What is the quality of acoustics of a sound distinguishing it from other sounds known as?

timbre

What are the sensory neurons that respond to stimuli that are approaching/exceeding harmful intensity?

nociceptors

What is the primary factor that influences how individuals associate psychoactive sensations with desired outcomes, such as euphoria?

The speed at which the drug enters the brain

What is the process by which sensory receptors convert environmental energy into neural impulses?

transduction

How does the size of a receptive field influence perceptual acuity?

Smaller receptive fields lead to higher perceptual acuity.

What response bias might occur if a signal is frequently present in a task?

An increase in false alarms

Which term describes the minimum amount of environmental energy needed to achieve a detectable response?

absolute threshold

Which psychological attribute of sound corresponds to its complexity, such as differentiating between musical instruments?

timbre

What structure of the ear contains the receptor cells for auditory stimuli?

organ of corti

Which hearing impairment is caused by damage to the outer or middle ear?

conductive hearing loss

Which type of pain is caused by the activation of nociceptors in response to harmful or damaging stimuli?

Nociceptive pain

What triggers vasodilation of superficial blood vessels and sweat gland activation in response to increased temperature?

Reflexes triggered by thermoreceptors

What is the most common type of pain?

nociceptive pain

When the amount of drug administered/absorbed is equal to the amount being metabolized/eliminated a person achieves ______.

steady state

____ are responsible for detecting harmful stimuli, which humans perceive as pain.

free nerve endings

Often times, sensory cells are spontaneously active; they demonstrate some baseline level of activity even stimulation is absent.

true

The area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single spinal dorsal root is termed a _____.

dermatome

People have difficulty learning how drugs, acting as stimuli, produce desirable effects— it is not a very clear cause-and-effect relationship for people to understand.

false

Narcotics, painkillers, and analgesics (opioids. are the second most powerful medications available for alleviating pain

false

What unit of measurement is the intensity (loudness. of a sound usually measured in?

dB

When light is transformed from physical energy into another form that can be perceived, this is process is called…

transduction

What is the spherical structure that connects the cilia to the olfactory bulb named?

glomerulus

Which of the following contains the correct list of the five primary taste sensations?

Sweet, salty, bitter, umami, and sour

Because of their diversity, all sensory systems and their subsystems extract different information from stimuli (e.g., including modality, intensity, duration, and location..

false

There are _____ on each side of the head.

Semicircular canals

Pain is caused by over-stimulation of various proprioceptive and cutaneous receptors

false

In order for us to experience a sensation, there must be a _____.

stimulus

The stereochemical theory of odor detection states that…

Receptors in the nose have specific shapes, and only molecules that fit into these shapes will trigger a response

A specialized sensory structure located primarily on the tongue is called a ____, and the projections/bumps that are the primary interest in taste perception are called ____.

Taste bud; Papillae

According to the gate control theory of pain, while ___ fibers of substantia gelatinosa open the gate, ____ fibers close the gate.

slow; fast

What is the measure for the ability to differentiate between signal and the noise known as?

d’ prime

Which part of the ear contains hair cells that transduces sound into a neural impulse?

cochlea

What is the half life of a drug?

Pharmacokinetic parameter used to describe the rate at which a drug concentration in the body decreased by half during the elimination phase

During a stimulus detection experiment, the participant correctly identifies that a stimulus was present. What is this known as?

hit

Which portion of the ear decreases amplification in order to protect the ear from damage from intense sounds?

middle ear

Who proposed that the ear deconstructs complex sounds into simple vibrations?

george ohm

Which type of papillae has no taste buds?

filiform papillae

_____ deductibility refers to the capacity of the sensory system to process a stimulus, while _____ criterion reflects an attitude/bias towards the sensory experience.

absolute, response

The first component of the auditory system is the ____, which leads to the ____, and then to the ____, which contains the ____.

Outer ear; Middle ear; Inner ear; Cochlea

_____ respond to physical energy occurring from outside one’s body (e.g., light, sound, touch., _____ respond to muscular movement/displacement of body parts, and _____ respond to materials inhaled, ingested, or passed as well as chemical surrounding, mechanical pressure, or shearing force.

Exteroceptors; Proprioceptors; Interoceptors

Which of the following is not one of the major attributes of a stimulus?

temporal

In order to observe electrical brain activity in response to environmental stimulation, a scientist may use which device?

EEG

What transduces sound into a neural impulse?

hair cells

Once sensory receptors detect a physical stimulus, they convert it into neural energy that can be interpreted (perceived.. What is this process known as?

neural encoding

Which of the following is not a type of specialized papillae in humans?

circular papillae

The primary somatosensory cortex is topographically organized, which means that…

Each area of the skin has a receptive field

What part of the ear separates the middle ear from the outer ear?

eardrum

Which part of the ear acts a microphone that directs sound towards the ear canal?

pinna

After the scientist was done conducting their experiment on the absolute threshold of noise. They plotted their fundings as a _____.

psychometric function

Some drugs exert _____ profiles during their absorption and during rebound or hangover.

perceptual

Where is the equilibrium system primarily located?

inner ear

The middle ear collects airborne auditory vibrations and directs (i.e., focuses. them toward the internal auditory canal.

false

In psychophysics, what does the differential threshold refer to?

the smallest amount of change that can be detected

The ____ nerve subserves taste over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

facial

Which of the following is not one of the requirements for the olfactory system to detect it?

it is usually inorganic material

What is sensitive to a specific form of physical energy?

sensory receptors

Which of the following is not a psychological attribute of sound?

complexity

What do thermal or mechanical nociceptors do?

Mediate information of sharp/stinging pain

What is the specialized tissue found within the nasal cavity that is involved in the detection of odors called?

Olfactory epithelium

What is psychophysics?

The study of the relationship between specified changes in environmental stimulation and the attributes/magnitude of subjective experience

What are the two forms of taste disorders?

quantitative and qualitative

What is a change in the frequency/wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source called?

doppler shift

What is the central opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye?

pupil

One of the major contributors to poor vision as people age is the condition known as cataracts, which does what to the lens?

makes it cloudy/opaque

While the moonlight only produces about 1 lux, approximately how much does the sun produce on a very bright sunny day?

100,000 lux

In order to prevent Computer Vision Syndrome, what is one thing you should do?

take frequent breaks

Taking into account all of the sensory organs, the eye is by far the most simple.

false

According to the DSM-V-TR, which of the following criteria is NOT necessary for a diagnosis of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

SAD is trigerred by life stressors

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the human eye in the context of visual perception, as described in the text?

to transform captured images into conscious experiences

The psychological attribute correlated with light frequency is:

color or hue

What phenomenon explains the white appearance of clouds due to equal scattering of all visible wavelengths of light?

mie scattering

What is the main role of the cornea in the visual system?

Focusing light onto the lens and protecting interior structures

Pupil diameter changes in response to which of the following systems?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

The cornea is responsible for around what percent of the eye’s focusing power?

65-75

Which part of the eye is responsible for regulating the amount of light that enters?

iris

What is the primary function of saccadic suppression in the process of visual perception?

To temporarily suppress visual processing during an eye movement

What is the function of the pretectal area in the midbrain?

 

Controls the pupillary reflex

When perceiving depth for close objects (closer than 100 feet., it is mediated by what?

stereoscopic vision

A completely pure color (of a single wavelength. is only attainable under strict lab conditions; thus, most light reaching your eye is a combination of many different wavelengths.

true

Which of the following is not a section of the eye?

inside

Which group of cells forms the optic nerve?

ganglion

The _____is an optical illusion which features an object with three cylindrical shafts that emanate from a single stem, and as they extend downward, they inexplicably transform into two rounded ends.

bilvet illusion

In order to treat her seasonal affective disorder, Megan underwent what form of treatment?

light therapy

Approximately how many men are color deficient?

10%

While the trichromatic theory focuses on the ____, the opponent process theory focuses on the ____.

Cones; Ganglion cells

Instead of perceiving the world to look like a bunch of fragments, we perceive it to be organized into who perceptions or patterns. What is this perspective known as?

gesalt psychology

What does the Ebbinghaus illusion display?

A visual illusion where the relative size of two central circles is misperceived due to the surrounding context in which they are seen

Approximately what percentage of optometry visits were rated to vision/eye problems from smartphone, tablet, or computer use?

21%

While a lux is the objective amount of light falling on a surface, brightness assesses what?

the percieved intensity

One question regarding the ethics of enhancing human cognition/perception is…

how far is too far in improving ourselves?

D.F. suffered from visual agnosia, which resulted in:

Inability to identify objects using vision

The ____ main role is to focus light onto the ____:

Lens; Retina

What is one of the major tasks of the visual system?

To convert a 2-D retinal image into 3-D

The lens is able to focus by itself:

false

When lines are seen as following the smoothest path, it is known as the…

law of continuity

What are the two types of photoreceptors that the retina has?

rods and cones

Seasonal affective disorder happens when…

There is a chronological relationship between the onset of major depressive episodes in major depressive disorder and a particular season of the year