physiology - unit 11.1, 11.3, 12.1

What is the circulatory system?

• The transport system of our body

What are the 4 main jobs of the circulatory system?

• Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Deliver nutrients to parts of the body and transport wastes

• Maintain the body’s temperature

• Transportation of hormones

What are the 3 main parts of the circulatory system? What are their purposes?

• The blood → fluid that transports material

• Blood vessels → Transport your blood throughout ur body

• the heart → pump that pushes the blood through the vessels

What is the cardiovascular system?

• Blood vessels + heart

What are the types of blood vessels? Compare them

• Arteries

  • Carry blood AWAY from heart

  • Red

  • Oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)

  • High pressure → due to heart’s pumping action

  • Thicker than veins

• Veins

  • Carry blood to the heart

  • blue

  • Deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein)

  • Low pressure →force pushes blood up through veins through skeletal muscle tissue contracting

    • so there’s a presence of valves to ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards

  • Thinner than arteries

• Capillaries

  • Connects arteries to veins

  • Smallest type of blood vessel

  • Most important job: exchanges nutrients, waste, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and surrounding cells

What is blood made of? What is each part’s purpose?

• Plasma →Carries all other parts of f blood like carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones and different dissolved proteins that have very important jobs

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells) →Contain hemoglobin molecules that help carry oxygen via ions of iron

• Leukocytes (white blood cells) →Protect the body against microorganisms and other toxins

• Platelets →Help the blood clot when there is a wound using fibrin (which causes blood to stop flowing)

How does the structure of red blood cells (erythrocytes) help them?

• Since they don’t have a nucleus:

  • They have an increased surface area that help them carry more oxygen

  • Their shape gives them more flexibility to fit through blood vessels

  • Cannot undergo mitosis

What is pus?

• White blood cells + pieces of microorganisms

How do platelets help clot blood of a wound?

• They become active when they touch a sharp edge and that makes them rupture/explode

• When they explode they release a substance that reacts with proteins in the plasma to create a mesh or net of fibres called FIBRIN

• Causing the blood to stop flowing and eventually the fibres will contract and cause your wound to close up

What is the purpose of the aorta in the circulatory system?

• Oxygenated blood leaves the heart from here and is carried to the tissues of the body

  • Largest artery in the body

  • On left side of the heart

What is the largest artery of the body?

• aorta

What is the purpose of the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava in the circulatory system?

• SVC → Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body back to the heart

  • Leads to right side of heart

• IVC →Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the heart

  • Also leads to the right side of the heart

What is the purpose of the carotid artery in the circulatory system?

• Provides oxygenated blood for the head and neck

  • two in total

    • one on each side of body

What is the purpose of the jugular vein in the circulatory system?

• Brings deoxygenated blood from the head and neck back to the superior vena cava and to the right side of the heart

  • two in total

    • one on each side of the body

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery in the circulatory system?

• carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen

  • only artery that is colored blue and has deoxygenated blood

  • two in total - one on each side of body

What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein in the circulatory system?

• To bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

  • only vein that is red and has oxygenated blood

  • four in total - two on each side of body

Compare the pulmonary and the systematic circuit

• pulmonary circuit →system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood returns to the heart

  • Main blood vessels involved: pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

• Systematic circuit →system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to all parts of our body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

  • Main blood vessels involved: all other blood vessels in the body

Describe the steps of the pulmonary circuit

• Deoxygenated blood leaves pulmonary arteries to go to lungs

• Arteries become capillaries and receive oxygen from lungs

• Oxygenated blood returns to the heart

• Oxygenated blood can now enter systematic circuit where it is delivered to all parts of your body

Describe the steps of the systematic circuit

• Oxygenated blood leaves the heart from the aorta

• Blood travels through arteries to be delivered to parts of your body

• Arteries become capillaries so they can deliver oxygen to body cells

• Deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart through veins

• Deoxygenated blood finally re-enters heart through the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava and is ready to return to the pulmonary circuit

What is the purpose of the atriums and ventricles of the heart

• Atrium →Receives blood from the veins and passes it on to the ventricles

• Ventricles → More muscular and pumps blood to the arteries

What side of the heart are the pulmonary circuit and systematic circuit on?

• Right side → pulmonary circuit

• Left side →systematic circuit

What is the purpose of the pericardium of the heart?

• it is a protective sad filled with fluid that lubricates (make smooth or slippery) the surface of the heart and roots of major blood vessels

What are the purpose of valves in the heart? Name the different types in the heart

• Purpose of valves is to prevent blood from flowing backwards

• Atrioventrical valves →between atria and ventricles; one on each side of heart

• Pulmonary valves →between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

• Aortic valve →between left ventricle and aorta

What are the purposes of coronary arteries in the heart?

• Pair of arteries that branch from the aorta to the heart itself to provide it with necessary nutrients

What makes the heart sound “lubb-dubb”

• First lubb →atrioventricular valves close first

• Second dubb →pulmonary and aortic valves close second

What are the two groups of nerves in the heart that control its beating and heart rhythm

• sinoatrial (SA) node →acts as pacemaker and creates and electrical signal controlled by nervous system and endocrine system

• Atrioventricular (AV) node →Acts as a messenger that passes signal from SA node down to the ventricles that make the ventricles contract as atria relax

What two steps occur during the beating of our heart?

• Diastole →relaxation/growing of the atria or ventricles that allows blood to enter into the atria or ventricles

  • Blood enters atria from veins and enters ventricles from atria

• Systole →contraction/squeezing of the atria or ventricles that allows atria or ventricles to pump blood away

  • Atria pump blood to the ventricles and ventricles pump blood to arteries

How is blood pressure measured?

• with a sphygomomannometer

1. cuff/sleeve of the sphygmomanometer is wrapped around arm and inflated with a pump to cause your blood flow in your arm’s arteries to stop flowing

2. Air from cuff/sleeve is slowly released and the doctor waits to hear the sound of your blood start flowing again, as soon as the doctor hears it, they record it. This is called your systolic blood pressure (The maximum amount of pressure in ur arteries)

3. The cuff/sleeve is deflated even more until the sound stops, when it does the doctor records the pressure. This called your diastolic blood pressure (Lowest amount of pressure in ur arteries)

What 2 factors affect our blood pressure?

• Cardiac output →amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

  • Increased volume of blood pumped = increased blood pressure

• Resistance of arteries →related to elasticity in arteries

  • increases resistance of blood flow = increased blood pressure

Whats the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

• Systolic blood pressure →maximum amount of pressure in ur arteries that happen when ventricles undergo systole (squeezing)

• Diastolic blood pressure →lowest amount of pressure in your arteries that happen when your ventricles are in diastole (growing)

What is the ratio that blood pressure is recorded as?

• Systolic blood pressure/ diastolic blood pressure

  • ex: 120 / 80

Describe characteristics of plasma

• Liquid

• Contain dissolved nutrients, waste, and everything

Explain what is happening in A, B, C and D of the diagram

• A →oxygenated red blood travels away from heart to other organs and capillaries

• B →oxygen and nutrients are distributed via capillaries to surrounding cells

• C → CO2 and waste goes into blood

• D →deoxygenated blue blood travels back to heart

What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?

• To stop blood flow in wounded areas

a) What happens when the heart muscle contracts?

b) What happens when the heart muscle relaxes?

a) →The heart is in systole: squeezing of the atria or ventricles

• Allows blood to be pumped away from the Atria or ventricles

• Atria pumps blood to ventricles; ventricles pump blood to arteries

b) → the heart is is diastole: growing of atria or ventricles

• Allows blood to enter the atria or ventricles

• blood enters atria from veins; blood enters ventricles from atria

What is the function of valves in the heart

• to prevent blood from flowing backwards

State one way in which the function of the pulmonary artery is different from the function of other arteries in the body

• deoxygenated blood

What is the difference between the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

• SVC → deoxygenated blood from upper half body to the heart

• IVC → deoxygenated blood from lower half of Body to heart

How are the cells of the heart supplied with the necessary oxygen and nutrients

• Pair of arteries branching from aorta to the heart itself called coronary arteries provide the heart with the necessary nutrients

Where in the heart would you find the area known as the pacemaker

• Sinoatrial (SA) node

ABout how many times does a heart beat per minute

• 72

What is a sphygmomanometer?

• a tool that measures blood pressure

Define the following

a) diastolic pressure

b) systolic pressure

a) Lowest amount of pressure in your arteries

b) maximum amount of pressure in ur arteries

What factors does blood pressure depend on?

• systolic blood pressure / diastolic blood pressure

What is an average blood pressure reading for a healthy adult

• 120 / 80

Describe the three types of cardiovascular disease

• Arteriosclerosis →a group of disorders where the walls of the arteries thicken, harden, and lose elasticity so that they can’t stretch well

• Disease of the veins →ex: varicose veins

• Heart disease

What is the disease varicose veins

• Often seen in the legs where the veins become swollen and twisted because they don’t have proper blood flow

Describe the following types of heart disease:

a) coronary heart disease

b) Arrhythmia

c) valves disorders

d) heart muscle disease

e) aneurysm

f) stroke

a) Blockage of the arteries that provide blood to the heart

b) Problems with your heart rhythm or heartbeat

c) Dysfunction in one or more of ur heart valves

d) Inflammation of an infection of the heart muscle itself

e) Bulge/swelling of the wall of an artery that can burst

f) Blood clot forms in an artery going to the brain

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

• Arteriosclerosis is a category of cardiovascular disease that include diseases that causes arteries to thicken and harden

• Atherosclerosis is in this category and it is the blockage of blood flow caused by the collection of plaque

  • Also main cause of coronary artery disease

What is the main cause of CAD

• atherosclerosis →blockage of blood flow in arteries caused by collection of plaque

  • plaque →yellow sticky substance made up of calcium and fat deposits

What can happen when there is a buildup of plaque in the coronary artery

• Causes CAD

• Causes artery to become more narrow, which:

  • Increases blood pressure

  • Eventually blocks artery so no oxygen or nutrients can reach the heart

What is a myocardial infection

• When no oxygen or nutrients can reach the heart, causing the heart to die

What are the 4 symptoms of a heart attack

• Shortness of breath (diff breathing)

• Nausea

• Sharp chest pain

• Pain in neck and arm (mostly left arm)

What are the list of things that can increase ur chance of getting CAD

• Smoking

• Lack of exercise

• High blood pressure

• High blood cholesterol

• Obesity/overweight

• Poor eating habits

• Diabetes

• Genetics

• Stress

How is a heart attack diagnosed?

• First detect the symptoms

• Do a blood test to detect certain proteins that are made when your muscle tissues around the heart are damaged

• After, the doctor uses an electrocardiograph to detect if ur heart rhythm and rate are normal or if ur heart has been damaged

• After the electrocardiograph tells the doctor where the damage occurs (but not how badly blocked it is) the cardiologist performs a procedure called a cardiac catheterization

  • Small tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery near the groin area

  • A dye is inserted into the catheter so that it can be seen on x-ray

  • Catheter is then threaded through the artery into the blocked area in the coronary artery to identify the location of the blockage

How is a heart attack treated?

• Anti-clotting drug is provided to prevent more blockage in coronary arteries

• Tubes are inserted into nose to increase concentration of oxygen in the lungs

• Then cardiologists will perform an angioplasty

  • Second catheter (containing small metallic mesh tube called a stent) is placed into the first one

  • The stent opens up and stays in ur artery to prevent it from narrowing

• In severe cases, another option is to perform a coronary bypass

  • This is where the procedure takes a vein from another part of the body and attaches it to the heart to bypass the blocked area of the coronary artery to supply blood to the area past the blockage

What is cellular respiration?

• All processes involved in the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide from our cells

What is another name for the following:

a) windpipe

b) voice box

a) trachea

b) larynx

What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

• Bronchi →two air passages connected to the trachea that lead to the lungs

• Bronchioles →smaller tubes throughout the lungs divided from the bronchi

a) What is the medulla oblongata?

b) What is its role in the breathing process?

a) the part of the part that controls your breathing

b) Sends nerve signals to your diaphragm to contract or relax

Describe the role of carbon dioxide in controlling breathing

• Increased CO2 = Increased carbonic acid in plasma →lowers blood pH →increases breathing rate

• When you breathe back out the CO2, your blood’s pH raises again, making it normal

Complete the table

Inhalation:

• Volume in lungs →increases

• Pressure in lungs →decreases

• Position of rib cage →expands

• Position of diaphragm →moves down (contracts)

Exhalation:

• Volume in lungs →decreases

• pressure in lungs →increases

• Position of rib cage →gets smaller

• Position of diaphragm →moves up (relaxes)

Explain how gas exchange is accomplished in the alveoli

• Blood enters network of capillaries in the lungs deoxygenated and high in CO2

• Oxygen from alveoli transfers to blood through the capillaries and CO2 from the blood transfers to the alveoli through capillaries

• Blood leaves network of capillaries oxygenated and low in CO2

• Blood goes back to the heart and gets pumped out to the rest of the body

How do cilia and mucus help your respiratory system to function efficiently

• Cilia and mucus help filter the air you breathe in by trapping dust and other foreign substances in your trachea and your nasal and oral cavities

Indicate the name of the cardiovascular disease based on the descriptions below:

a) Problems with your heartbeat and rhythm

b) Bulge in the wall of an artery that can burst

c) Blockage of blood flow in arteries due to plaque

a) Arrhythmia

b) Aneurysm

c) Atheriosclerosis

Briefly describe the two methods for treating a myocardial infarction:

a) Angioplasty

b) coronary bypass

a) when a catheter with a stem is released to an area of blockage and it widens so blood can flow through

b) A vein from another part of your body is placed around the blockage to create a new path for your blood to flow through

True or false:

Blood first entering into alveolar capillaries are high in oxygen and low in CO2

• False

True or false:

During inhalation. the diaphragm and rib cage both rise

• false

True or false:

Involuntary breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata

• True

True or false:

The vast majority of your blood is made of red blood cells

• false

True or false:

Fibrin is an important protein necessary to help your blood clot

• True

True or false:

All veins carry deoxygenated blood

• false

True or false:

The purpose of the systematic circuit is to pump oxygenated blood to all parts of our body and return deoxygenated blood directly back to the lungs

• false →first goes to right side of heart

True or false:

Blood leaving the right atrium is directed to the aorta next

• false

True or false:

The pericardium is the tissue that separates the right side from the left side of the heart

• false → the septum not pericardium

True or false:

The blood pressure in arteries is higher than the pressure found in veins

• true

True or false:

Cilia are small, fleshy hairs lining your trachea that trap and filter air

• true

Draw a flow chart to show how your body will homeostatically regulate your breathing rate

• Increased CO2 = Increased carbonic acid →lowers blood pH →increases breathing rate →CO2 goes back out of body → pH increases and goes back to normal

Sketch and draw a hemoglobin molecule

• big blob with 4 small units of iron (Fe) each bonded to an oxygen

Identify the role of the following structures in the circulatory system:

a) carotid artery

b) Pulmonary veins

c) aortic valve

d) SA node

e) systolic blood pressure

a) Delivers oxygenated blood to the head and neck

b) Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

c) between left ventricular and aorta

d) pacemaker and sets the rhythm of the heartbeat

e) Highest blood pressure felt in your arteries