Childhood Psychopathology Final Exam Study Guide

The absence of joy and interest in activities that were previously enjoyable is called ___

Anhedonia

___ is one of the most common symps. of depression in children, occurring in about 80% of clinic-referred youngsters with depression

Irritability

The most freq. co-occurring disorder(s) in clinic-referred youngsters with major depressive disorder is/are ___

Anxiety Disorders

____ are the neg. perceptual and attributional styles and beliefs associated with depressive symps.

Depressogenic Cognitions

The diathesis-stress model of depression explains the onset of the disorder as ____

Dependent upon the interaction between personal vulnerability and life stress

During the video about the young girl with selective mutism shown in class, the therapist used which of the following techniques to increase the child's verbal behavior?

Shaping/Successive Approximations

The primary and most efficacious behaviorally technique used to treat children/adolescents with OCD is:

Exposure Therapy

What are the primary forms of child neglect:

Educational, Emotional, Physical (A+B)

____ is an immediate alarm reaction to current danger or life-threatening emergencies.

Fear

Which of the following distinguishes children with generalized anxiety disorder from those with other anxiety disorders?

They worry about minor events

The fact that the most common specific phobia in children is a fear of animals is believed to be due to ____

Evolutionary Processes

Agoraphobia can be best described as the fear of ____

Having a panic attack in situations in which escape would be difficult or help unavailable

The two-factor theory explains anxiety disorders as arising and persisting through a combination of ____

Classical + Operant Conditioning

In most behavioral treatments aimed at decreasing children's anxieties and fears ____

The feared stimulus is presented

____ occurs during early to mid-childhood and includes nightmares, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking

Parasomnia

Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Disorganized Speech

Which of the following is/are considered a negative symptom(s) of schizophrenia?

Avolition

The term coprolalia often occurs in children with Tourette's Syndrome and refers to:

Saying unacceptable words

Which of the following needs to be ruled out before initiating a behavioral treatment for children with nocturnal enuresis?

Urinary Tract Infection + Lack of normal nocturnal increases in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

(A+C)

Though similar in their concerns about eating and gaining weight, individuals with bulimia differ from individuals with anorexia in that they _____, while those with anorexia do/are not

Are w/in 10% of their normal weight

A child who eats insects and wood chips is likely to be diagnosed with ____

PICA

Which of the following is not a characteristic of anorexia?

Loss of appetite

The most common compensatory technique after an episode of binge eating among clinical samples is ____

Vomiting

Prodromal Symptoms

The initial time period that a person exhibits symptoms of a clinical disorder but does not exhibit a sufficient number of symptoms to meet full diagnostic criteria for the disorder

Residual Symptoms

Symptoms left after acute phase of schiz.

Which symptom(s) or factor(s) best differentiate between ADHD and child onset bipolar disorder?

Family history of depression + Cont. vs. Sudden Appearance of Clinical Symps.

(BD - History of fam depression and sudden onset of clinical symps.)

(ADHD - No fam history of depression + Cont. appearance of clinical symps.)

Pos. Symps.

Add to normal behavior

Neg. Symps.

Take away from normal behavior

Core Positive Symps. of Schiz.

- Delusions

- Hallucinations

- Disorganized Speech

- Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior

Core Neg. Symps. of Schiz.

- Flat Affect

- Alogia

- Avolition

Flat Affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

Alogia

a general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in normal speech

Avolition

a psychological state characterized by general lack of drive, or motivation to pursue meaningful goal

Other Diagnostic Criteria of Schiz.

- Disturbance persistent for at least 6 mo.

- If history of ASD or Comm. Disorder, additional diagnosis of schiz. made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, w/ other req. symps. of schiz. for at least 1 mo. (or less if successfully treated)

- 2+ of following w/in 1mo. (Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, gross disorganized or catatonic behavior, neg. symps.

Depression Criteria

- 5+ symps w/in a 2wk. period

- One must be depressed mood or anhedonia

- Weight loss/gain; Decrease/increase in appetite

- Sleep: Either insomnia or hypersomnia

- Psychomotor agitation or retardation

- Fatigue or loss of energy

- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt

- Difficulty making decisions/concentrating

- Recurrent thoughts of death

Prevalence Rate

Number or total cases in a certain time period

Incidence Rate

Number of new cases in a certain time period

3 Primary Diagnostic Criteria for ID + more on ID

- Deficits in Adaptive Func.

- Deficits in Cog. Func.

- Onset of both types of deficits during the early dev. period

- 4 lvl specifiers: Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound

- Prevalence Rate 1-3%

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understandmaladaptive behavior, we must consider ___

what is normative for a given period of development

The relationship between assessment and intervention is best viewed as___

Related + Ongoing

To be diagnosed with intellectual disability, a person must exhibit___

subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) categorizes persons with intellectual disability according to ___

extent of support needed

A _____ of symptoms that significantly _____ an individual's ability to function, and is characterized by a particular________ picture with a specifiable onset, course, ________, outcome, and response to treatment, and associated ______, psychosocial, and _________ correlates (Definition of a Clinical Disorder)

constellation, impairs, symptom, duration, familial, biological

Which list below best describes the primary DSM-5 clinical features of children with autism?

impairments in social interaction, communication, & restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior

What are the two primary underlying neurocognitive deficits that account for the excessive gross motor activity (hyperactivity) and working memory deficits in children with ADHD?

Under aroused and underdeveloped frontal/prefrontal brain regions, respectively

____ describes children who display an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, and defiant behaviors

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Which statement below is the most accurate regarding major depression and childhood dysthymia?

An episode of dysthymia lasts longer and is associated with less severe symptoms

The appropriate descriptors for normal mood and normal affect are

Euthymic, Broad

Those w/ Conduct Disorder/ODD start with what pathway?

Authoritative/Authority Conflict Pathway

ADHD Diagnostic Criteria + Prevalence Rate

- Attention

- Hyperactivity

- Impulsivity

- Prevalence 5-7%

ADHD Associated Brain Networks + dev. delay

- Alerting + Executive Networks

- 1.5-2yrs. behind normal dev.

Equifinality

one outcome can have many causes

Multifinality

various outcomes from one cause

How to treat encopresis? (symp. of constipation from withholding and preventing defecation)

Empty out enema (poop)

The probability of having a particular disorder if you have a particular symptom

Positive Predictive Power (PPP)

The probability of not having a particular disorder if you DON'T have a particular symptom

Negative Predictive Power (NPP)