CHAPTER 1 (QUIZZES)

rationalist

rationalist

route to knowledge is

through thinking and logical analysis.

empiricist

acquire knowledge via

empirical evidence— that is, we obtain evidence through

experience and observation.

Philosophy

understand the general nature of many

aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the

examination of inner ideas and experiences (from intro-, “inward,

within,” and aspect, “look”);

Physiology

scientific study of life-sustaining functions

in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation-based)

methods.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

The study of

how people perceive, learn, remember, and

think about information.emerged in the mid-

20th century as a response to behaviorism,

Descartes

felt that one could not rely

on one’s senses because those often

proven to be deceptive

Locke

believed that humans are born

without knowledge and therefore must

seek knowledge through empirical

observation. Locke’s term for this view

was tabula rasa (meaning “blank

slate” in Latin).

Structuralism

early school of thought in psychology that sought to understand the

structure of the human mind by breaking down mental processes into their most basic

components

Wilhelm Wundt

German psychologist,

viewed as the founder of structuralism in psychology

Introspection

individuals were trained to observe and report on their conscious

experiences in as much detail as possible.

Functionalism

seeks to understand what people do and why they do it. functionalism emphasizes the purpose and adaptive

functions of mental processes.

Pragmatism

focuses on the practical consequences of

ideas and beliefs, arguing that the truth of

an idea is determined by its effectiveness

and utility in real life.

William James

prominent proponents was

the

American

philosopher

and

psychologist

Dewey

human beings learn

through a 'hands-on' approach

Pragmatists

reality

must

be

experienced. From Dewey's educational

point of view, this means that students

must interact with their environment in

order to adapt and learn.

Associationism

mental processes are connected or associated in the mind

Contiguity

Ideas or experiences that occur close together in time or space are likely to be

associated.

Similarity

Ideas that are similar to each other are likely to be associated

Contrast

Ideas that are opposite in nature can also become associated

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANTECEDENTS OF

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Contiguity, similarity, contrast

Hermann Ebbinghaus

philosopher who

pioneered the scientific study of

memory.Some consider him the

founder of Memory

Edward Lee Thorndike

the role of “satisfaction” is

the key to forming associations.

Thorndike termed this principle the

law of effect (1905): A stimulus will

tend to produce a certain response

over time if an organism is rewarded

for that response.

Behaviorism

focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and

environmental events or stimuli.

Ivan Pavlov

studied

involuntary learning behavior called classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

involves more than just an association based on temporal contiguity

Effective conditioning

requires contingency (e.g., the presentation of food

being contingent on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

John Watson

“father” of radical behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov

He

is widely

recognized for

his

groundbreaking research on classical

conditioning, which has left an indelible mark

on the field.

Pavlov's theory, often referred to as Pavlovian

conditioning, centers around the concept of

associative learning.

B. F. Skinner

radical

behaviorist. Skinner

conducted

research primarily with non-human

animals.

Max Wertheirmer

"Gestalt" is German for "unified

whole".German psychologists

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and

Wolfgang Kohler created the

Gestalt Principles in the 1920s.

According to this, the mind

"informs" what the eye sees by

perceiving a series of individual

elements as a whole.

Gestalt psychology

states that we best understand psychological

phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes.the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Law of Prägnanz (Simplicity)

We tend to perceive the simplest and most stable

shape possible.

Law of Similarity

Objects that are similar to each other are often perceived as

part of a group or pattern.

Law of Proximity

Objects that are close to each other in space are perceived as

belonging together.

Law of Continuity

We perceive elements as part of a continuous pattern or

direction, even if the pattern is interrupted

Law of Closure

We tend to fill in gaps in an incomplete image to perceive a

whole object.

Karl Spencer Lashley

considered the brain to be an active, dynamic

organizer of behavior

Donald Hebb

proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the

brain

Noam Chomsky

He thereby defied behaviorist

notions that we learn language by reinforcement.

Alan Turing

He suggested a test, now called the “Turing test,” by

which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was

indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans

Artificial intelligence (AI)

attempt by humans to construct systems that show

intelligence

Information theory

understand people’s behavior in terms of how they

process the kinds of bits of information processed by computers

Ulric Neisser’s

defined cognitive

psychology as the study of how people learn, structure, store, and use knowledge.

Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

proposed detailed models of human thinking

and problem-solving from the most basic levels to the most complex

Jerry Fodor

He

argued that the mind has distinct modules, or special-purpose systems, to deal with

linguistic and, possibly, other kinds of informatio

John B Carrol

Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence. According to the

three-stratum model of intelligence, intelligence comprises a hierarchy of

cognitive abilities comprising three strata (

Stratum I

includes many narrow, specific abilities (e.g., spelling ability,

speed of reasoning).

Stratum II

1. Fluid intelligence (Gf): The ability to reason and solve new problems.

2. Crystallized

intelligence (Gc): Accumulated knowledge and skills acquired through

experience

.

3. General memory and learning (Gy): The ability to acquire, store, and retrieve information.

4.

Broad visual perception (Gv): The ability to perceive visual information accurately and

rapidly

.

5. Broad

auditory

perception (Gu): The ability to perceive auditory information accurately

and

rapidly

.

6. Broad retrieval ability (Gr): The ability to retrieve information from long-term memory.

7.

Broad cognitive

speediness (Gs): The speed at which mental operations can be

performed

.

8. Processing speed (Gt): The speed of basic information processing.

Stratum III

is just a single general intelligence (sometimes called g).

This is the top level of the hierarchy, representing overall intellectual ability

Howard Gardner

Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Howard Gardner (1983, 1993b,

1999, 2006) has proposed a theory of multiple intelligences, in which

intelligence comprises multiple independent constructs, not just a single,

unitary construct.

Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Robert

Sternberg's Triarchic theory of human intelligence, intelligence

comprises three aspects: creative, analytical, and practical.