PRAC RESEARCH

Flashcards based on the lecture notes for an exam on research paper structure and the specific study of charcoal and isopropyl alcohol as alternative whiteboard marker ink.

What is the purpose of the Background of the Study in a research paper?

To provide the context, history, existing knowledge, rationale, gaps, and why the study is needed.

What does the Background of the Study summarize besides history?

The current state of knowledge and relevant information on the topic.

Why is it important to identify gaps in knowledge in the Background of the Study?

To justify why the specific research is needed and how it contributes beyond existing work.

What issue related to whiteboard markers is highlighted in the introduction?

Markers that do not erase properly and leave residue, staining, ghosting, and high costs.

What does Tan (2024) report as ongoing issues with whiteboard markers?

Inconsistent ink flow, poor erasability, and fading color.

What is ghosting in the context of whiteboard markers?

Ink bleeding into the surface, reducing legibility of the board.

What region is noted for significant market share in whiteboard markers according to Cognitive Market Research (2024)?

Asia Pacific, with about 23% market share.

What is the main topic of the Statement of the Problem in this study?

The acceptability of charcoal and isopropyl alcohol as an alternative ink for whiteboard markers.

What is a research question in the context of the Problem Statement?

A specific question the study aims to answer; typically potentially testable and resolvable with available resources.

What are the two research questions stated for this study?

1) What is the acceptability level of charcoal and isopropyl alcohol as an alternative ink in terms of consistency, erasability, and visibility? 2) Is there a significant difference in acceptability between charcoal/isopropyl alcohol and commercialized whiteboard marker ink?

What are the independent variables in this study?

Alternative Whiteboard Marker and Commercialized Whiteboard Marker.

What are the dependent variables in this study?

Acceptability Level of Whiteboard Marker, including consistency, erasability, and visibility.

Define 'independent variable' in research terms as used in this paper.

The variable that is deliberately changed or controlled by the researcher.

Define 'dependent variable' in research terms as used in this paper.

The variable that is measured or observed to assess the effect of the independent variable.

What is a hypothesis in research?

A testable prediction or explanation for a phenomenon concerning the relationship between variables.

What makes a good hypothesis according to the notes?

It can be tested through scientific methods and defines the relationship between two or more variables.

What is the null hypothesis stated in this study?

There is no significant difference in the acceptability level between charcoal/isopropyl alcohol and commercialized marker ink.

What is the purpose of the Theoretical Framework in research?

To provide a foundational structure guiding the research process by outlining key concepts, variables, and their relationships from existing theories and literature.

Which theory is referenced as the grounding for the study’s theoretical framework?

Theory of Materials Science by Anter El-zab (2017) and related literature.

What does the Theory of Materials Science encompass according to the notes?

Understanding the structure and properties of materials and the discovery of new materials, spanning ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, and functional materials.

How has materials science evolved over the past three decades according to the notes?

From experimentation-centric to a blend of theory and experiment, with increased use of computer simulations.

What is a conceptual framework in research?

A structured representation of key concepts, variables, and their relationships to guide the research.

What are common ways to present a conceptual framework?

As a diagram, flowchart, or written narrative.

What does a conceptual framework illustrate in a study?

How main factors or constructs interact and influence each other.

What is the purpose of a conceptual framework in relation to existing theories?

To provide a rationale for the study based on prior theories, literature, and empirical findings.

What does Figure 1 in the study illustrate?

The schematic diagram showing the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

What are the signaled benefits of the study in the Significance of the Study section?

Benefits to teachers, students, schools, entrepreneurs, society, and future researchers.

Who are the primary beneficiaries highlighted in the Significance of the Study?

Teachers, students, the school, entrepreneurs, society, and future researchers.

What environmental benefit is emphasized in the Significance of the Study?

Recycling used charcoal and pens to reduce waste and promote sustainability.

What is scope in research as defined in the notes?

The breadth and depth of a study—the parameters it will cover.

What are delimitations in research?

The boundaries and constraints that clarify what will be excluded from the study.

What is the purpose of Scope and Delimitation in this research?

To define subject matter, objectives, population, and timeframe and to answer where, when, who, and how the study will be conducted.

Where and when was this descriptive study conducted?

Mater Carmeli School, Dingle, Iloilo in January 2025.

What sampling or testing method is described in the Scope and Delimitation?

Giving a checklist and two samples to fifteen teachers to test visibility, consistency, and erasability.

What is the purpose of Definition of Terms in a research paper?

To clarify the specific meaning of key words, phrases, or concepts used in the study.

Where is the Definition of Terms section typically placed in a paper?

At the beginning of the research paper.

What are the two types of definitions described in the notes?

Conceptual definitions and operational definitions.

What is a conceptual definition?

A definition that explains the general meaning of a term, often drawing from dictionaries or established theories.

What is an operational definition?

A definition that specifies how a term will be measured or observed in the study.

What is an example of a conceptual definition given in the notes?

Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain or tension from demanding circumstances.

What is an example of an operational definition given in the notes?

Stress will be measured by the score on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire.

In this study, what material is used to create the alternative whiteboard marker ink?

Charcoal.

What does the term 'consistency' refer to in the context of this study?

The stability and smooth flow of the whiteboard ink, including uniform color and thickness.

What does 'erasability' refer to in this study?

How easily the ink can be erased from the whiteboard surface without residue or staining.

How is 'ink' defined in the definitions section?

A colored liquid used for writing, printing, and drawing.

What is the difference between conceptual and operational definitions as described?

Conceptual definitions describe general meaning; operational definitions specify measurement and observation methods.

What is the general topic of Chapter I in the notes?

Introduction, including the Background of the Study and related sections.

What does 'ghosting' affect in whiteboard markers?

Legibility of the board due to marker ink bleeding into the surface.

What does the 'acceptability level' of a whiteboard marker measure in this study?

How well the marker meets criteria of consistency, erasability, and visibility.

What is one key reason mentioned for considering charcoal and isopropyl alcohol as alternatives?

Cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.

What is the primary aim stated in the Hypothesis section?

To test whether there is a significant difference in acceptability between charcoal/isopropyl alcohol ink and commercial ink.

What does the chapter on Theoretical Framework rely on for foundational support?

Existing theories and literature about materials science.

What is the significance of referencing Cahn et al. (2003) in the theoretical framework?

To trace the historical development of materials science from metallurgy to broader materials disciplines.

What purpose does the Conceptual Framework serve beyond the theoretical framework?

It guides development and analysis by outlining how variables interact within the study.

How are the variables organized in the Conceptual Framework diagram mentioned?

Independent variables: Alternative Whiteboard Marker, Commercialized Whiteboard Marker; Dependent variables: Acceptability Level (consistency, erasability, visibility).

What is the main question addressed by the Significance of the Study?

Why the research matters and who it benefits.

Which section explains what will be studied and where the study occurs?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study.

What is the primary practical outcome hoped from this research?

A cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to commercial whiteboard ink.

What is the 'consistency' criterion in the acceptability evaluation?

Stable, smooth ink flow with uniform color and thickness during use.

What is the 'erasability' criterion in the acceptability evaluation?

Ease and completeness of erasing ink from the whiteboard without residue.

What is the 'visibility' criterion in the acceptability evaluation?

How well the ink is visible on the whiteboard under typical classroom lighting.

What is the overall research aim described on Page 10?

To determine the acceptability of charcoal and isopropyl alcohol as an alternative ink for whiteboard markers.

How are the two samples tested according to the Scope and Delimitation?

Using a checklist to compare two samples with fifteen teachers.

What is the main purpose of the 'Definition of Terms' section from a reader's perspective?

To ensure readers share a clear understanding of key terms used in the study.

What is the general audience motivation described in the Significance of the Study?

Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who can apply the findings.

What are the two main components of Background of the Study noted on Page 5?

General overview of the topic and current state of knowledge.

What constitutes the 'scope' of a study as per Page 23?

Breadth and depth of coverage, including what will be studied.

What constitutes the 'delimitations' of a study as per Page 23?

Boundaries and constraints, clarifying what will be excluded.

What is the meaning of 'operational definitions' as described on Page 29?

Definitions that specify how a concept will be measured in the study.

What does 'conceptual framework' focus on in a study?

Key concepts and their relationships, grounded in theory and literature.

What does 'statements of the problem' aim to articulate?

The specific issue or gap in knowledge the study seeks to address.

What is the significance of the 'background' section for understanding the study's necessity?

It highlights why the research is needed by describing existing knowledge gaps and relevance.

What role does 'ghosting' play in deciding marker alternatives?

It is a practical issue that can influence the choice of ink formulation to maintain legibility.

What is one key factor driving the market for whiteboard markers in the Asia Pacific region?

Increasing adoption of interactive teaching methodologies.

What is the main function of the 'context for your research' in the Background of the Study?

To set the stage by explaining what is already known and why the study matters.

What is the expectation about future researchers mentioned in Significance of the Study?

That they may build on this research and explore further improvements or applications.

What is the relationship between the Independent and Dependent variables in the Conceptual Framework?

Independent variables influence the dependent variables (Acceptability Level components).

Fill in the blank: The Background of the Study essentially sets the stage for your research by outlining what is already known, identifying gaps in that knowledge, and highlighting why your specific research is __.

needed

Fill in the blank: Ghosting is when your dry erase marker ink bleeds into the surface of your board, making the board less __.

legible

Fill in the blank: A hypothesis is a testable __ or explanation for a phenomenon.

prediction

Fill in the blank: The Functional components of the Acceptability Level include Consistency, Erasability, and __.

Visibility

Fill in the blank: The study's independent variable includes the Alternative Whiteboard Marker and the __ Whiteboard Marker.

Commercialized

Fill in the blank: Conceptual definitions are typically drawn from dictionaries or established .

theories

Fill in the blank: Operational definitions define how a term will be and within the specific context of the research.

measured; observed

What section defines the boundaries of the study, such as subject matter, population, and timeframe?

Scope and Delimitations

Which section explains the relevance and expected benefits of the research to society and practice?

Significance of the Study

What is the term for a study that describes the general field and current knowledge without introducing a new theory?

Review of the current state of knowledge (as part of Background of the Study)

What is the main focus of the 'Statement of the Problem' in this paper?

Articulating the specific issue or gap the research intends to address.

Which variable category is tested by the researcher by applying different conditions or groups?

Independent variables

Which variable category is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable?

Dependent variables

Which source is cited to define a potentially testable question in research?

Black (2008)

Which term describes the ease of erasing ink without leaving residue?

Erasability

Which term describes how well the ink appears on the whiteboard under typical classroom lighting?

Visibility

What is the 'Figure 1' in the study used to illustrate?

The schematic diagram showing the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

What is the main environmental benefit highlighted in the Significance of the Study?

Reducing environmental waste by recycling used charcoal and pens.

What is the purpose of the Scope and Delimitation section besides defining boundaries?

To clarify what will be studied and how, including time, place, and participants.

Which chapter introduces the Introduction and Background in the notes?

Chapter I

What is a key feature of a 'fill-in-the-blank' flashcard style?

A sentence with a missing key term to be supplied.

What is the definition of 'whiteboard marker ink' in the context of this paper?

A colored liquid used in whiteboard markers for writing.

What is the significance of the 'two samples' mentioned in the Scope and Delimitation?

To compare alternative and commercialized markers in testing the three criteria.