APUSH Unit 7 (1890-1945)

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Book written 1890 by Mahan that stimulated a naval race

the Big Four

Wilson, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy

direct primary

placed nomination system in the hands of voters, system first introduced by Robert La Follette

initiative, referendum, and recall

Progressive measures -

initiative: voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

referendum: allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

recall: enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office

Washington Naval Treaty (Five-Power Treaty)

1922 - major Allies of WWI agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction

opponents of the Treaty of Versailles

irreconcilables: could not accept U.S. membership in the League, no matter how the covenant was worded

reservationists: it could accept the League if certain reservations were added to the covenant

immediate causes of WWI

Zimmermann Telegram (March 1, 1917), Russian Revolution (removed barrier bc Russia was a republic), 5 new German sub attacks on unarmed U.S. merchant ships

American Expeditionary Force

commanded by John J. Pershing, assumed responsibility for a segment of the Western Front in WWI by the summer of 1918

anti-imperialist league

believed imperialism violated founding ideas, led to labor competition, and incorporated “inferior peoples” (white man’s burden); key members: Twain, Carnegie, and Bryan

annexation of Hawaii (1898)

after arrival of missionaries and 1890 McKinley Tariff - done out of fear that islands would be taken by Japan

USS Maine explosion significance

blamed on Spanish, caused Spanish-American War 1898

“gentleman’s agreement” with Japan

Tokyo would limit emigration by withholding passports to avoid a “Japanese Exclusion Act”

dollar diplomacy

foreign policy of Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies

Panama Canal (1901)

construction authorized by Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, agreement finalized by Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Platt Amendment

legislation in Cuba that said the U.S. would intervene in case of “anarchy,” protected free trade with US & est. 2 naval bases (one was Guantanamo Bay)

progressivism (1890s - 1920s)

A movement of mostly middle class men and women who were convinced society could no longer afford to be laissez-faire

16th Amendment

1913 - income tax

17th Amendment

1913 - direct election of senators

18th Amendment

1919 - prohibition

19th Amendment

1920 - women’s suffrage

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

protected women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's “weaker bodies”

Square Deal

Roosevelt’s domestic policy for capital, labor, and the public

1912 Republican convention significance

schism between Taft’s “old Guard” and conservatives and Roosevelt and Progressives

1912 Election

Roosevelt vs. Taft vs. Debs vs. Wilson → Wilson wins

“New Freedom”

Wilson’s domestic policy that favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship & unregulated, un-monopolized free markets

moral diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy that promoted democracy, human rights, and moral principles abroad by supporting nations with similar values

liberty bonds

citizen purchases a bond (temporarily loans money to government) and it will be paid back later to the citizen with interest

Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts

anti-spying and illegalized criticism of the war (“dissenting speech”) during WWI

Great Migration

African Americans moved to northern cities for factory work → racial tension & race riots such as the Chicago Riot of 1919

Selective Service Act (1917)

all men 18-45 had to register without purchasing exceptions

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations, territorial losses, military restrictions, and Germany’s war guilt

Wilson’s 14 Points (Jan 1918)

1. No secret treaties

2. Free seas

3. No economic barriers

4. Reduce armies

5. Adjust colonial claims

6. Self-determination

7. League of Nations

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

evidence of fears over immigration - two anarchist Italian immigrants convicted for robbery and murder based on who they were rather than evidence → executed 1927

Immigration Quota Act of 1924

quota for immigrants entering the U.S. was set at 2% of the total of any given nation's residents - targeted “undesirable” and “radical” immigrants

Hawley Smoot Tariff

One of Hoover’s actions to remedy the Depression: reduced flow of goods into US by imposing tariffs (taxes on foreign goods) → retaliatory tariffs, worsened the Depression

CCC

employed 3 million young men 18-25 in reforestation, fire fighting, and swamp drainage

Lusitania Crisis

May 7, 1915 - German torpedoes hit British passenger liner, killing 128 Americans, led to Bryan resigning from the president’s cabinet