APUSH Unit 7 (1890-1945)

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Book written 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan that stimulated a naval race

Potsdam

Post WWII meeting between Big Three:

(1) Unconditional Japanese surrender

(2) Germany and Berlin divide nto zones of occupation

Yalta Conference (1945)

Meeting between Big Three:

(1) Germany divided into occupation zones

(2) free elections in E. Europe

(3) Soviets enter war against Japan

(4) Basis for the future United Nations

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Ruling upheld the government’s internment policy as justified in wartime

Lend-Lease Act

Ended cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitted Britain to obtain American arms on credit

Neutrality Acts

1935: prohibited arms shipments and forbade travel on the ships of belligerents

1936: forbade loans and credits to belligerents

1937: forbade shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

Dawes Plan (1924)

A cycle of payments from the U.S. to Germany to the Allies established by Charles Dawes that lasted until the Great Depression

Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act (1934)

Repealed the Dawes Act of 1887, replacing it with a new act that returned former reservation lands to tribes

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

New Deal program that established:

(1) minimum wage

(2) maximum standard workweek of 40 hours

(3) Child labor restrictions on hiring people under 16 years old

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935)

New Deal program that guaranteed a worker’s right to join a union and union’s right to bargain collectively

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal program that provided people with jobs between 1935 and 1940

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Used “redlining” to define neighborhoods to give bank loans to homeowners

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

New Deal program that regulated the stock market and corporations

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal industrial recovery program that set industry standards and gave the right to collective bargaining; declared unconstitutional in 1935

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

New Deal program that guarunteed individual bank deposits

Glass-Steagall Act

New Deal program that increased the regulation of banks and limited how banks could invest customers’ money

Emergency-Banking Relief Act

New Deal program that authorized the government to examine the finances of banks closed during the bank holiday and reopen them

Public Works Administration (PWA)

New Deal program that allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that empoyed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums

Volstead Act (1919)

Federal law that enforced Prohibition

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Constitutionality of Espionage Act was upheld in a case where a man was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft; the right to free speech could be limited when it presented a “clear and present danger” to public safety

Food Administration

Conservation drive of meat and bread led by Herbert Hoover during mobilization in World War I

Clayton Antitrust Act

Economic reform that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act’s power to break up monopolies and exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts (Wilson)

Federal Trade Commission

Economic reform that protected consumers by investigating “unfair trade practice” in any industry except banking and transportation

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years, graduated income tax rates from 1% to 6% (Wilson)

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Republican party that nominated Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Meat Inspection Act

Provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Case that ruled that the health of women needed special protection from long hours

direct primaries

system of nomination in the hands of the voters introduced by Progressive governor of Wisconsin, Robert La Follette

scientific management

Progressive idea that came from Frederick W. Taylor who discovered ways to organize factory workers in the most efficient ways

pragmatism

A philosophy against romantic transcendentalism, led by William James and John Dewey, that said the “truth” should be able to pass observation in an open, democratic society

Jones Act (1916)

(1) Philippines = territory

(2) Bill of rights and universal male suffrage for Filipinos

(3) Promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador Takahira pledged mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions and support for the Open Door policy

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

A treaty negotiated by Roosevelt to end the Russo-Japanese War

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt’s amendment to the Monroe Doctrine: the U.S. would intervene whenever necessary, primary applied in Latin America to justify sending U.S. forces to Haiti, Honduras, and the DR

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

The Society of Harmonious Fists, Chinese nationalists, attacked foreign settlements and murdured Christian missionaries, U.S. troops marched into Peking

Treaty of Paris (Feb. 6, 1899)

annexed the Philippines, led to an insurrection in the Philippines led by Emilio Aquinaldo

Teller Amendment (1898)

A joint resolution from Congress and the president authorizing war with Spain and declaring that the Cuban people would control their own government once peace was restored

jingoism

an intense form of nationalism in the 1890s calling for aggressive foreign policy

first Pan-American Conference (1889)

Representatives from the Western Hemisphere created a permanent organization to promote hemispheric cooperation

TVA (1933)

(Tennessee Valley Authority) - flood control, reforestation, ag. dev., and hydroelectric power to generate jobs, growth, and the modernization of TE Valley

the Big Four

Wilson, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy

direct primary

placed nomination system in the hands of voters, system first introduced by Robert La Follette

initiative, referendum, and recall

Progressive measures -

initiative: voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

referendum: allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

recall: enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office

Washington Naval Treaty (Five-Power Treaty)

1922 - major Allies of WWI agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction

opponents of the Treaty of Versailles

irreconcilables: could not accept U.S. membership in the League, no matter how the covenant was worded

reservationists: it could accept the League if certain reservations were added to the covenant

immediate causes of WWI

Zimmermann Telegram (March 1, 1917), Russian Revolution (removed barrier bc Russia was a republic), 5 new German sub attacks on unarmed U.S. merchant ships

American Expeditionary Force

commanded by John J. Pershing, assumed responsibility for a segment of the Western Front in WWI by the summer of 1918

anti-imperialist league

believed imperialism violated founding ideas, led to labor competition, and incorporated “inferior peoples” (white man’s burden); key members: Twain, Carnegie, and Bryan

annexation of Hawaii (1898)

after arrival of missionaries and 1890 McKinley Tariff - done out of fear that islands would be taken by Japan

USS Maine explosion significance

blamed on Spanish, caused Spanish-American War 1898

“gentleman’s agreement” with Japan

Tokyo would limit emigration by withholding passports to avoid a “Japanese Exclusion Act”

dollar diplomacy

foreign policy of William Taft to make countries dependent on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies

Panama Canal (1901)

construction authorized by Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, agreement finalized by Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Platt Amendment

legislation in Cuba that said the U.S. would intervene in case of “anarchy,” protected free trade with US & est. 2 naval bases (one was Guantanamo Bay) as conditions for the removal of U.S. military occupation, while enabling future intervention

progressivism (1890s - 1920s)

A movement of mostly middle class men and women who were convinced society could no longer afford to be laissez-faire

16th Amendment

1913 - income tax

17th Amendment

1913 - direct election of senators

18th Amendment

1919 - prohibition

19th Amendment

1920 - women’s suffrage

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

protected women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's “weaker bodies”

Square Deal

Roosevelt’s domestic policy for capital, labor, and the public

1912 Republican convention significance

schism between Taft’s “old Guard” and conservatives and Roosevelt and Progressives

1912 Election

Roosevelt vs. Taft vs. Debs vs. Wilson → Wilson wins

“New Freedom”

Wilson’s domestic policy that favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship & unregulated, un-monopolized free markets

moral diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy that promoted democracy, human rights, and moral principles abroad by supporting nations with similar values, mostly in Latin America and the Caribbean

liberty bonds

citizen purchases a bond (temporarily loans money to government) and it will be paid back later to the citizen with interest

Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts

anti-spying and illegalized criticism of the war (“dissenting speech”) during WWI (Wilson)

Great Migration

African Americans moved to northern cities for factory work → racial tension & race riots such as the Chicago Riot of 1919

Selective Service Act (1917) and Selective Service Act (1940)

WWI draft - all men 18-45 had to register without purchasing exceptions

WWII draft - all men 18-65 register, first peacetime draft

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations, territorial losses/self-determination of previous colonies, military restrictions, and Germany’s war guilt

Wilson’s 14 Points (Jan 1918)

1. No secret treaties

2. Free seas

3. No economic barriers

4. Reduce armies

5. Adjust colonial claims

6. Self-determination

7. League of Nations

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

evidence of fears over immigration - two anarchist Italian immigrants convicted for robbery and murder based on who they were rather than evidence → executed 1927

Immigration Quota Act of 1924

quota for immigrants entering the U.S. was set at 2% of the total of any given nation's residents - targeted “undesirable” and “radical” immigrants

Hawley Smoot Tariff

One of Hoover’s actions to remedy the Depression: reduced flow of goods into US by imposing tariffs (taxes on foreign goods) → retaliatory tariffs, worsened the Depression

CCC

employed 3 million young men 18-25 in reforestation, fire fighting, and swamp drainage

Lusitania Crisis

May 7, 1915 - German torpedoes hit British passenger liner, killing 128 Americans, led to Bryan resigning from the president’s cabinet