bio 2

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

Adenine and Thymine

2 hydrogen bonds

Cytosine and Guanine

2 of the 4 bases in DNA. they are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds.

Phosphate

a natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers

Ribose

A five-carbon sugar present in RNA

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Mitosis cell cycle

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

meiosis stages

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I. Followed by Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

sexual reproduction zygote

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

homologous pairs

A pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent.

gametes

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Autosomal

all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked.

sex linked

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

maternal

from mom

paternal

from dad

homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Mono hybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

dihybrid cross

A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same genetic

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Trait

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

Co-dominance

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

multiple alleles

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

blood types

A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

polygenic traits

characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes

pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic crossing

Down Syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus