DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
Adenine and Thymine
2 hydrogen bonds
Cytosine and Guanine
2 of the 4 bases in DNA. they are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds.
Phosphate
a natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers
Ribose
A five-carbon sugar present in RNA
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
Chromatid
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
DNA replication
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
Mitosis cell cycle
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
meiosis stages
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I. Followed by Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
sexual reproduction zygote
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
homologous pairs
A pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent.
gametes
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Autosomal
all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked.
sex linked
gene located on the X or Y chromosome
maternal
from mom
paternal
from dad
homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Mono hybrid cross
A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same genetic
Alleles
Different forms of a gene
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Trait
A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Co-dominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
multiple alleles
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
blood types
A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.
polygenic traits
characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes
pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic crossing
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus