NTRI 2000 Exam 2

Bourne- Spring 2023

What are carbohydrates?

nutrients that meet the body’s energy needs, feed the brain and the nervous system, keep the digestive system fit, and keep your body lean

What are the monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

What are the dissaccharides?

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Difference between a monosaccharide and disaccharide

\-monosaccharides are single sugar rings that are absorbed directly into the blood

\-disaccharides are multiple sugar rings linked together that are digested & broken down by enzymes

What is the storage form of CHO in the human body?

glycogen

Which macronutrient do the brain and nervous system prefer as their fuel source?

carbohydrates

What organ releases the hormones that regulate blood glucose? What are those hormones, and when are they released in the body?

The pancreas and it makes insulin and glucagon

Insulin is released when the blood sugar is high

Glucagon is released when the blood sugar is low

Which enzyme in the mouth is responsible for splitting the starch molecules into smaller units for further digestion?

salivary amylase

What does insulin do for the body?

lower the blood glucose when too high

What does glucagon do for the body?

raises the blood glucose when too low

Lactose intolerance

impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase

How do insulin and glucagon affect blood glucose?

they each keep the blood glucose at a stable range

What nutrients were added to refined grains as a part of the U.S. Enrichment Act?

1942: iron, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin

1996: folate added to the list

How does the body handle excess glucose?

\-Body tissue shift: the liver will turn extra glucose into fat

\-carbohydrate and weight management: carb is stored as fat, and weight is maintained through dietary importance and composition

Why does fiber lower your cholesterol?

The more fiber you eat the more cholesterol can exit the body in bile.

Characteristics of Type 1 diabetes

blood glucose styes too high, lacking insulin, immune system attacks and destroys insulin producing cell in the pancreas as if they were foreign cells

Characteristics of Type 2 diabetes

blood glucose stays too high, cells do not respond to normal insulin levels often diagnosed in adulthood, occurs as a consequence of obesity

What is ketosis?

an undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies, such as acetone, in the blood or urine

What is protein-sparing action?

the body's ability to make sure that the proteins that the body acquires through food are not converted into energy molecules

GLUT 4

primarily expressed in adult tissues that exhibit insulin-stimulated glucose transport, such as adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle.

How does fiber aid in digestion and absorption?

fiber slows down digestion so that the body can absorb more nutrients from the food

3 classes of lipids

triglyceride

phospholipids

sterols

Cholesterol

a member of the group of lipids known as sterols; a soft, waxy substances made in the body and also found in animal-derived foods

What is a triglyceride?

saturated fatty acid

Level of saturation/unsaturation

saturated: no double bonds, solid at room temp.

unsaturated: double bonds, create kinks and results in bent structure

Phospholipids

polar and nonpolar portion to form membranes around the cellular components

What is an emulsifier?

A substance that stabilizes an emulsion is a food additive used to stabilize processed foods.

What is the importance of bile, and what it does it in the body?

Aids with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.

What enzyme is released to begin the breakdown of triglycerides?

lipase

How is fat digested and absorbed?

mouth: breaks down TGs with lingual lipase

stomach: acts of TGs with medium chain with gastric lipase

small intestine: main site for fat digestion

Role of CCK

stimulates release of pancreatic lipase and bile

low-density lipoproteins(LDL)

larger, lighter, and richer in cholesterol

high levels trigger inflammation and heart disease

high-density lipoproteins(HDL)

smaller, denser, and packaged with more protein

high levels oppose heart disease and vice versa

Which lipoprotein is considered “bad” cholesterol and why?

LDL: it increases the risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

Which lipoprotein is considered “good” cholesterol and why?

HDL: decreases the risk factor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

Omega-3 fatty acids

given dietary linolenic acid, the body can make other members

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans say about saturated fat?

consume less than 10 percent of calories per day from saturated fats

What happens when someone is deficient in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, and linolenic acids?

\-cause skin abnormalities and poor wound healing

\-in infants, growth is delayed, and vision is impaired

\-the body stores some essential fatty acids, so deficiencies are almost unknown among healthy adults

What foods contain abundant amounts of EPA DHA?

almon, tuna, mackerel, and pollock