Period 4 APUSH Vocab

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review. Midnight judges. Marshall vs Jefferson.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Held post for 34 years. Was a federalist.

Judicial Review

Idea that court could overturn a law that conflicts with Constitution

Barbary Pirates

Pirates who seize US merchant ships unless the Barbary gov is given payment. George and Adams paid. Thomas refused to pay, instead sending the navy after them. Raised respect for America.

Louisiana Purchase

Bought from Napoleon/France for 15Mill. Thomas broke his moral code.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Resulted in greater geographic and scientific knowledge, stronger US claims to Oregon Territory, better relations with Natives and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers.

Aaron Burr

Vice president to Homas Jefferson for the first term but was rejected for the second. Caused the federalist conspiracy but wasn’t elected in New York. Killed Hamilton in a duel. Planned to take Mexico from Spain and reunite it with Lousisana but Jefferosn arrested Burr when he realized this. Burr was freed from all charges.

Impressment

Forcing someone into a navy or military. What the British did to American merchants.

Embargo Act of 1807

Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Meant to force France and Britain to acknowledge America’s neutrality. Britain found another supplier.

James Madison

Father of Constitution. Part of Annapolis Convention and wanted to add on to the Articles of Confederation. Helped win the Federalist Papers. Wrote the Bill of Rights and Virginian Resolution that was against the Kentucky Resolution. Against Slavery.

War of 1812

A war between the US and Britain that resulted in a tie between them. Occurred because of Britain helping natives fight against America, them immersising American navy, and pressure from War Hawks.

Tecumseh

A warrior who was a Shawnee brother who fought against colonists in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe

Native tubes united, led by the Shawnee brothers, to fight against the colonists and were helped by Britain. They lost and it increased American and British tension

War Hawks

Eager for war with Britain, gained much influence in the House of Representatives. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Felt war would defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native resistance.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Treaty of Ghent

Didn’t include any side's grievances, not anything about Britain's impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences. Was a stalemate with no gain for either side. Stopped fighting, returned all land conquered, and recognized boundary between Canada and US

Hartford Convention

New England threatened to succeed because Federalists opposed the War of 1812. Caused rule for ⅔ votes of both houses to be called before any future declaration of war. Soon after news of the Treaty of Ghent reached and the Federalists lost even more influence.

Battle of New Orleans

January 8,1815 occurred 2 weeks after the Ghent Treaty was signed before news reached the armies.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

If Britain or France formally agreed to respect US neutral rights at sea, the US wouldn’t trade with that nation’s foe. France lyingly agreed.

Erie Canal

Linked economies of western farms and eastern cities. Stimulated economic growth and resulted in more canal building. Improved transportation, more immigrants settling in the west, and stronger economic ties.

Samuel F. Morse

Created the telegraph

Eli Whitney

Created the Cotton Gin

Cyrus Hall McCormick

Created the mechanical reaper

Lowell System

Recruiting yong farm women and housing them in company dormitories. Other factories did the same and it helped increase child labor

Market Revolution

New technology that decreased how many people worked in agriculture but increased demand for people in commerce. Small farms would be overwhelmed with the new technology like cotton gin and mechanical reapers. Transformed America from an agrarian society to one increasingly dominated by commercial production and exchange.

Industrial Revolution

Shift from agrarian economies to industrialized and urban societies. This era saw significant advancements in manufacturing processes, technology, and transportation, reshaping social structures and economic practices.

“Cult of Domesticity”

Women took on new responsibilities as moral leaders at home as men were away from home for work.

Irish Potato Famine

Mass starvation and disease in Ireland caused by lack of potatoes so many Irish came to US

Nativism

Hostility to immigrants. Lead to rioting

Know-Nothing Party

Against immigration. Gained power after the Whig party dissolved.

German Immigration

Against temperance. Lived westward as farmers or artisans. Supported public education, against slavery and the temperance movement. Created communities of Germans. Founded their own Roman Catholic or Lutheran churches.

Irish Immigration

Against prohibition. Came after the Potato famine. Faced discrimination because of their Roman Catholic religion. Competed with other immigrants for labor jobs. Brought their status with the, and typically stayed where they landed so communities rose in northern cities.

John C. Calhoun

Was a Democrati-cRepublican leader before changing. Wanted state rights. A war hawk. Was Joackson’s vice president before resigning as a result of the Peggy Eaton Affair.

Henry Clay

A War Hawk. Created the American System and wanted to make the Second Bank of the United States. Made the Missouri Compromise. Part of the Corrupt Bargain.Was leader of WHigs against Jackson's Democrats.

Daniel Webster

Changed from against tariffs to supporting them. A secretary of State. Against states leaving the Union in the Webster-Hayne debate.

Tariff of 1816

Tariff after War of 1812 to protect US manufactures from competition, not raise revenue. First protective tariff in US history.

“American System”

Henry Clay’s plan of protective tariffs, national blank, and internal improvements. Internal improvements never occurred unlike the others.

James Monroe

Went though the Revolutionary War and Valley Forge. Jefferson' s minister to Great Britain and Madison’s Secretary of State. Under his presidency the country acquired Florida, agreed on the Missouri Compromise, and adopted the Monroe Doctorine.Era called the ear of good feelings.

“Era of Good Feelings”

Federalism faded. Time with tariff debates, national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales, sectionalism increases, and Democratic-Republicans soon split. 1816-1819.

Oregon Country

Was explored during the Lewis and Clark expedition. reason for Louisiana Purchase, to gain the New

Panic of 1819

First major financial panic since Constitution ratification in 1819. After the Second Bank of US tightened credit to control inflation, many banks closed. Changed political outlook with Westerns wanting no debtor’s prison.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Maine is a free state so Missori as a slate state till the 36 30 line, after which there is no slavery. Made by Henry Clay to keep the balance of South and North.

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

New York cannot grant a steamboat company if the action conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress. Established the federal government’s broad control over interstate commerce.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Said that US opposed European power’s effort to interfere with US and US will do the same for them. Used later for US foreign policy towards Latin America.

Andrew Jackson

Was the 7th president. Grew federal power over states. Part of Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Jackson’s Military Campaign. Was for the common man and won against John Quincy ADams. Made the Indian Removal Act (1830) the Peggy Ealton Affair, vetoed many bills, frugal in federal spending, and got rid of the National Bank.

“Corrupt Bargain”

Henry Clay used influence to get Adams as president during a tied election, as president Adams made Clay his secretary of state.

John Quincy Adams

6th President. Supported Jackson;s military campaign. Secretary of State. caused the Monroe Doctrine. PArt of the Corrupt Bargain. Wanted to improve internal improvements, aid manufacturing, national universities, and astronomical observatory.

Spoils System

Dispensing government jobs for party loyalty. Practiced much by Jackson. Affirmed belief that any American can do what others do with hard work.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina said they would succeed because of the Tariff of Abominations causing the Webster-Hayne debate and the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina. Jackson ended up lowering the tariff.

Trail of Tears

15,000 Cherokees left Georgia in 1838 causing many deaths after refusing settlement in 1835

Indian Removal Act

Forced American Indians to resettle west to the designated lan, and The Bureau of Indian Affairs helped. Made by Jackson in 1830.

Martin Van Buren

Democratic vice prescient of Jackson’s second term. And 8th president after Jackson.

Tariff of 1832

Reduced some duties from past tariff but retained high taxes on imported irons, cottons, and woolens; leads to the nullification crisis.

Anti-Masonic Party

First to hold a nominating convention.

Specie Circular

Order by Andrew Jackson requiring future federal land purchases to be made in specie(gold and silver) not banknotes. Banknotes lost value and land sale decreased.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression. Occurred during Van Buren’s office. Partially caused by Specie Circular.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book about conflict between slave and owner. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a Northerner.

“Peculiar Institution”

Whites who were sensitive to how they treated slaves called slavery this.

Paternalism

The south had paternalistic attitudes towards those deemed inferior, like slaves.

Yeomen Farmers

small-scale farmers who owned their land and worked it primarily with the help of their families.

Mulattoes

Slave Children whose White fathers liberated them. Generally lived in the South.

“Spirituals”

Religious folk songs created by enslaved African Americans that express their faith and hope, often containing coded messages about escape and freedom.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

In Southampton County, Virginia in 1831, slaves attacked the surrounding community killing many Whites. Killed him and his followers. Increased fear of slaves.

Transcendentalism

Valued individualism highly and downplayed the importance of organized institutions. Supported a variety of reforms like the antislavery movement. Like Ralph Waldo and Henry David, etc.

Shakers

Religious communal movements. Held property in common and kept men and women separate, forbidding their relationships. Had 6,000 members and lasted 1840s-1900s

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival in late 18th to 19th century. Reassertion of traditional Calvinist teachings of original sin and predestination. New branches of Christianity. Caused by political and economic change.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Founded by Joseph Smith based on The Book Of Mormon. Formerly called Mormon Church. Latter led by Brigham Young and migrated to wester frontier, named it New Zion.

American Temperance Society

Founded in 1826, Protestant ministers and others created it against drinking and its effects. Wanted total abstinence from addicts.

Horace Mann

Advocate for public school movement. Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education. Wanted mandatory attendance, longer school year, and increased teacher preparation.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist writer. Argued for self reliance, independent thinking, and spiritual matters over material. Critic of slavery. Supported idealistic and nationalistic.

Henry David Thoreau

Wrote Walden about his observations of nature to search for the truths of the universe and life when living for 2 years in a cabin in the woods. Wrote “On Civil Disobedience" about going against unjust laws. Against the US and Mexico war. Remembered as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist.

Emily Dickenson

a reclusive 19th-century poet from New England known for her prolific writing on themes of death, immortality, and nature, who was considered unconventional and whose work only gained recognition posthumously

Edgar Allan Poe

Romantic writer, focused on irrational aspects of human behavior. Wrote “The Raven” and “The Tell-Tale Heart” portraying mysterious or even horrifying events.

Dorothea Lynde Dix

a former schoolteacher from Massachusetts, was horrified to find mentally ill persons locked up with convicted criminals in unsanitary cells. She launched a cross-country crusade, publicizing the awful treatment she had witnessed.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A lead reformer for women’s rights. Barred from speaking at antislavery convention.

Abolition

The act of trying to abolish a system or institution

William Lloyd Harrison

Wrote a publication or an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, which marked the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement. Advocated for immediate abolition of slavery everywhere without compensating slaveowners. Founded American Antisslavery Society. Burned Constitution as proslavery document. Argued “no Union with slaveholders" till they freed slaves

Frederick Douglas

A past slave who escaped and was outspoken trying to convince critics about slavery. He was an early follower of Garrison and advocated for political and direct action to end slavery and prejudice. Wrote The North Star. an antislavery journal.

Underground Railroad

Network of activists who help slaves escape from slavery to the North or Canada. Most involved like “conductors” and “stations” were free and escaped slaves who escaped with help from White abolitionists.

Harriet Tubman

Helped assist fugitive slaves to escape to free territory in the North or Canada where slavery is banned. Made at least 18 trips into the south to help 300 people escape. Worked to emancipate and support Black sidieres.

Sojourner Truth

Helped assist fugitive slaves to escape to free territory in the North or Canada where slavery is banned. Worked to emancipate and support Black sidieres.

Seneca Falls Convention

First woman’s fight convention in American History. Wrote a document resembling the Declaration of Independence with all of the woman's grievances against men listed. States men and women are created equally.