unit 5 the skeletal system

support

framework for attachment by other tissues and organs

movement

bones are the levers that muscles pull on

storage

calcium and phosphate ions are stored in bone

blood production

red blood cells are made in bone marrow

protection

hard cover for soft organs

what is compact bone made up of? What is lined with?

made up of densely packed with ground substance and calcium phosphate, with few lacunae

lined by the periosteum-a layer of dense connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

how does spongy bone differ from compact bone in terms of makeup

spongy bone has many more spaces and makes up the interior of each epiphyses

what is the epiphyseal plate made of? How does it contribute to growth?

is a layer of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis

• “growth plate'“

what are the spaces in between spongy bone filled with?

red marrow (contains stem cells that differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

what does the medullary cavity contain?

Yellow marrow which is mostly adipose

differentiate between an osteoclast and an osteoblast

osteoBLAST- lay down new bone

osteoCLASTS- dissolve and reshape bone

During the first two months, what are fetal bones composed of? what is it called and why?

mostly hyaline cartilage

called a model because it forms the initial framework bone will be built within

define ossification. when does this start?

ossification is the replacement of the hyaline cartilage “model” with bone tissue

occurs during fetal months 2-3

what are fontanelles? when do they close?

are large spaces between the bones of the cranium are filled with hyaline cartilage

fully close by the 18th month

how does cartilage ossify?

the last region of growth is where? when/how does that growth get stunted?

epiphyseal plates

during adolescence

epiphyseal plate fully ossify leaving an epiphyseal line after this growth no longer occurs

what are the joints that hold the skull together called? what are they made up of?

called sutures hold each bone together

dense connective tissue

what are the three bones in the middle ear? together they are called the what?

Hammer,(malleus)

Anvil, (incus)

Stirrup (stapes)

ossicles

how are the first two vertebrae different from the rest

they are named and the rest are numbered

how is the sacrum made?

is made of five vertebrae that fuse during early adulthood

what is the coccyx a remnant of?

vestigial tail

what three bones make up the sternum?

manubrium

body

xiphoid process

what are three types of ribs? how many of each and what is the difference between them?

true ribs(1-7) are connected directly to the sternum through coastal cartilage

false ribs(8-10) attach to the 7th ribs coastal cartilage

floating ribs(11-12) only attach to the thoracic vertebrae

what are the two ends of the clavicles ?how do they attach

acromial end attaches to the scapula

sternal end attaches to the sternum

what are the four parts of the scapula?

acromion

coracoid process

glenoid cavity

spine

what are the six parts of the humerus?

head

deltoid tuberosity

medial epicondyle

lateral epicondyle

trochlea

capitulum

the radius and ulna are attached by what

interosseous membrane

where are the radius and ulna at their thickest?

ulna thickest at the elbow joint

radius thickest at the wrist joint

how are the metacarpals and phalanges numbered

numbered starting with the thumb

how are the phalanges identified

proximal(closest to the wrist) middle and distal (farthest from the wrist)

the pelvic girdle is made up of what two bones

the sacrum and coccyx

the pelvis is made up of what three bones fused together?

Ileum

ischium

pubis

differentiate between the pelvis of a biological male and female?

female pelvis is shorter, wider, and has a greater pubic angle than a male’s

the femur is made up of what five parts?

head

neck

medial condyle

lateral condyle

patellar surface

the tibia and fibula are made up of what fibula parts?

lateral condyle

medial condyle

head of the radius

medial malleolus

lateral malleolus

how are the metatarsals and phalanges numbered?

starting with the big toe

long bone

are longer than they are wide

• humerus, femur, phalanges

short bone

are cube shaped with a lot of spongy bone

• carpals, tarsals

flat bone

are thin and curved

• skull bones, pelvic bones, ribs, sternum

sesamoid bones

are round and embedded in a tendon

• patella

irregular bone

do not fit in any other category

what are the tree types of joints? differentiate between each

Fibrous- immovable, dense connective tissue, cranial sutures

cartilaginous-limited movement fibro or hyaline cartilage

vertebral discs

synovial- free movement, fluid-filled cavity, knee, elbow, fingers

what causes the cracking noise from joints?

caused by the stretching of a synovial membrane causing air to quickly escape

ball and socket joint

allows a full 360 range of motion

• shoulder, hip

hinge joints

allows single plane movement(open close)

• elbow, knee, phalanges

condylar joint

allows angular movement in two planes

• radius/carpals

• metacarpals/phalanges

saddle joint

allows angular and circular movement in two planes

• carpal/ metatarsals at base of thumbs

gliding/plane joint

allows bones to slide across each other in multiple directions

• carpals/carpals

• tarsals/tarsals

pivot joint

allows full rotation but in a single plane

• atlas/axis

• radius/ulna

differentiate between a tear, sprain and a dislocation

sprain-tear or stretch of a ligament

dislocation-bone is forced out of its normal position

fracture-broken bone

tear- idk

name and describe each of the four types of fractures we listed in our notes

simple- does not exit the skin

compound- bone breaks through the skin

comminuted-bone is shattered into pieces

greenstick-incomplete break

name and describe each of the four disorders we listed in our notes

osteoporosis

• decrease in bone mass

• common in older women due to hormonal changes

osteoarthritis

• wearing down of articular cartilage

• common in old age

hypermobility

• abnormal range of motion due to weakened cartilage, tendons, or malformed bones

scoliosis

• an abnormal curvature of the spine

• most often caused by genetic factors