Studied by 5 peopleGross Motor Skills
Movements involving the use of large muscle groups.
Fine Motor Skills
Precise movements that engage the use of small muscle groups.
Open Motor Skills
Motor Skills which are performed in an environment that is constantly changing and externally paced.
Closed Motor Skills
Movements that are predictable, self-paced environments. Marked on a continuum.
Continuous Motor Skills
Movements with no distinct beginning or ending
Serial Motor Skills
Series or group of discrete skills strung together to create a more complicated skilled action.
Discrete Motor Skills
Movements of brief duration that are easily defined by a distinct beginning and end.
Fundamental Motor Skills
Movement patterns that involve different body parts. They are the foundational movements to more sports-specific skills.
Sports Specific Skills
Utilising a range of fundamental movement skills in a sequence.
Cognitive Stage of Learning
This is the initial phase of learning of a motor skill where the emphasis is on conscious understanding of tasks.
Referred to as the beginner stage
Frequent and large errors/can’t detect own problems
Associative Stage of Learning
The 2nd stage of learning where movement patterns become more refined and consistent through practice.
Referred to as the practice stage
More Gradual Improvements
Autonomous Stage of Learning
The final stage of learning where the performer is able to perform the skills automatically.
Referred to as the expert stage
Can manipulate movements/performance is coordinated
Massed Practice
Having longer but less training sessions
Distributed Practice
Having shorter but more training sessions
Blocked Practice
Significant periods of time focused on particular skills
Random Practice
Only working on a particular skill for a short time period and than resting or moving on.
Intrinsic Feedback
Intrinsic Feedback is internal which includes;
Visual
Auditory
Touch
Augmented/Extrinsic Feedback
Augmented/extrinsic feedback which includes; Knowledge of results (success/failure)
Knowledge of performance (reasons for success/failure)
Knowledge of Performance
Refers to the characteristics of the performance- the reasons for success or failure.
Knowledge of Results
Refers to the specific outcomes of the performance whether it was a success or failure.
Social Factors on skills & Stages of Learning
Family Structure
Roles and Status
Time
Available Resources
Access to coaches
Discrimination
Personality
Self-belief
Active Role Models
Cultural Factors
Education
Politics
Religion
Social
Organisations
Technology
Values
Attitudes
Race
Climate
Housing
Geographic Location
Qualitative Movement Analysis
Preparation
Observation
Evaluation
Error-Correction
Preparation
The coach needs to determine, what/why/how it is being analysed.
Observation
The process of looking at the performance, but can be subjective.
Evaluation
Finding what the problem is and what’s causing the problem
Error Correction
Analysis identifies weaknesses and develops strategies. Implemented within training or in game.
Direct Based Coaching
Task Selection
Structure of how tasks are performed
Duration of time spent
Constraints Based Approach
A coaching mean that uses boundaries or playing restrictions on the learner
Individual Constraints
Technical Skills
Body Size
Body Strength
Fitness Levels
Age/Gender
Mental Skills
Decision Making Skills
Environmental Constraints
Physical Environment
Weather
Light
Access to Facilities
Noise Levels
Gravity
Socio-Cultural
Friends (peers)
Role Models
Parents
Price
Task Constraints
Players on the team
Dimensions of playing space
Rules of the sport
Equipment
Court Dimensions
Biomechanics
the science that studies living things from a mechanical perspective. Using principles of physics, biomechanics helps to develop and refine human movement.
Forces
Defined as a push or pull. It can either;\
Change the shape of the object
Move the object Formula = Mass x Acceleration
Inertia
The tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of motion whether it is at rest or moving.
Impulse
The change in momentum in an object (receiving force, absorbing force) Formula = Force x Time
Newtons First Law of Motion
The law of Inertia states that a body will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
Newtons Second Law of Motion
The law of Force/Acceleration states that a force applied to an object will produce a change in Acceleration in the direction applied, which is directly proportional to the size.
Newtons Third Law of Motion
The law of action/reaction states that every action will have an equal or opposite reaction.
Newtons First Law of Angular Momentum
The law of inertia states that momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque.
Newtons second law of angular momentum
A torque applied will produce a change in angular motion in the direction that is applied.
Newtons third law of Angular Momentum
For every torque there is equal and opposite torque
Momentum
is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its velocity. Measured in kg m/s.
Momentum Formula
Mass x velocity
Summation of Momentum
the sequential and coordinated movement of each body segment to produce maximum velocity
Speed
How quickly an object covers distanceSpeed= Distance/time
Velocity
How quickly an object is changing position, relative to its starting position.Velocity = Displacement/Time
Acceleration
How quickly an object changes its rate of motion is called acceleration and is using the following equation;
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
Angular Displacement
A measurement of how the object moves and is measured in degrees
Angular Distance
A measurement of degrees an object passes through from start to finish
Angular Speed
Is measured of how quickly angular distance is covered
Angular Velocity
Is the measure of how quickly the object has moved from its starting point and in what direction it has moved.
Angular Acceleration
Is the measure of the rate of change in angular position. It can be positive and negative
Projectile Motion
An object or body that is launched into the air and attached only by the forces of gravity and air resistance can be considered as a projectile.
Impacts on Projectile Motion
Angle of Release
Speed of Release
Height of Release
Equilibrium
An object is said to be in equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces or torques acting on it.
Static Equilibrium = must be completely motionless
Dynamic Equilibrium = Velocity must be constant
Factors Affecting Stability
Line of gravity
Base of Support
Centre of Gravity
Body Mass
Friction
2 forces which affect the projectile in motion
Gravity (vertical)
Air Resistance (Horizontal)
Levers
A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that can be made to rotate about an axis in order to expert a force on another object.
First Class Lever
Have the axis located in between the effort force and resistance force.
Second Class Lever
Have the resistance force located between the effort force and the axis
Third Class Lever
Have the effort force located between the resistance force and the axis.
Mechanical Advantage
Can be calculated by force arm/resistance arm1 = lever built to increase force1 = lever is balanced between speed and purpose<1 = lever is built to increase speed (most human body levers)
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Moment of Inertia (mass x radius^2) x angular velocity.A decrease in inertia will be met with an increase in Angular Velocity.Angular Velocity is increased if radius is low
ATP Breakdown
ATP is the energy source for all muscular movements. The ATP is split when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When it is split it releases energy.
Creatine Phosphate (Chemical)
Chemical fuel contatining a high-energy phosphate for rapid release of energy.Limited CP Storage
Carbohydrates
Sugar and starches e.g. bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables.The bodys preferred source of fuel under exercise conditions.
Fats
Are a concentrated fuel source in dairy products, oils, nuts etc. Preferred fuel source at rest and during prolonged submaximal exercise.
Protein
Protein if found in meat, fish, eggs etc. Used for muscle growth and repair.
Minimal Contribution to energy production during exercise.
At rest exercise Fuel
Fats
Carbohydrates (Aerobic)
Carbohydrates (Anaerobic)
Submaximal Activity Fuel
Carbohydrates (Aerobic)
Fats
Carbohydrates (Anaerobic)
Protein
Maximal Activity Fuel
Carbohydrates
ATP-PC System
Fuel=Creatine Phosphate
Intensity=Maximal <95%
Rate=Explosive
Yield=0.7 ATP PM
Duration=0-10 seconds
Anaerobic Glycolysis System
Fuel=Glycogen
Intensity=High Intensity 95%-85%
Rate=Fast
Yield=2-3 ATP PM
Duration=10-75 seconds
Aerobic Glycolysis System
Fuel=Glycogen/Triglycerides
Intensity=Submaximal 85%-70% or >70%
Rate=Slow
Yield=38 ATP PM or 441 ATP PM (triglycerides)
Duration=75 seconds +
Factors Affecting Contribution
The duration of the exercise
The intensity of the exercise
Whether sufficient oxygen is present
Continuous exercise or intermittent exercise
Available fuel sources
Writing a response
All energy systems contribute to energy production
ATP-PC starts continues to 6-10 seconds
Anaerobic Glycolysis becomes more dominant
Aerobic Glycolysis System increases but never becomes dominant.
Predominant Energy system would be ATP-PC for a 200m event.
Intermittent Activity
Exercise beats that alternate between periods of activity and intensity.
Contributions from the energy systems depends on
Duration
Intensity
Fuel Availability
Weather Conditions
Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)
LIP is the highest exercise intensity where lactate removal and lactate production are balanced.
Beyond LIP
Beyond LIP, lactate production exceeds
Accumulation of Hydrogen Ions causes fatigue
Intensity of LIP
Generally at 85% Max Heart Rate55-70% VO2 Max
Oxygen Uptake or Vo2
The volume of oxygen able to be taken up by and transported to and used by the body for energy.
Vo2 Max Vs. Vo2
Vo2 Max=The maximum volume of oxygen able to be used by the body. Vo2=Is the rate of oxygen
Factors Affecting Oxygen Uptake
Body Size
Age
Gender
Training
Genetics
Oxygen Deficit
Is the period of time at the start of the exercise where the oxygen demand exceeds.
Steady State
Is the state in which oxygen equals oxygen demand
Oxygen Debt (EPOC)
At the completion of exercise, oxygen consumption remains elevated, despite a reduction in the demand for energy.
Fast Phase of EPOC
ATP Resynthesise
CP Resynthesise
Restore oxygen to Myoglobin
Slow Phase of EPOC
Return core temperature
Convert Lactic Acid to h2o
Lactic Acid converted to Glycogen/protein
Restore heart rate
Restore other body systems
Acute Respiratory Responses
Increase Respiratory Rate = number of breaths per minute
Increase Ventilation = Volume of air breathed in per minute (RR x TV = V)
Increased Tidal Volume = volume of air breathed in per breath
Increased Pulmonary Diffusion = The transfer of oxygen to the alveoli to the capillaries
Acute Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Heart Rate = Number of beats of the heart per minute
Increased Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart
Increased Cardiac Volume = Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x SV = Q)
Increased Systolic Blood Pressure = The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts.
Redistribution of blood flow = Altering the percentage of cardiac output that is distributed to various body sites.
Increased Venous Return = The blood returning to the heart via the venous system
Increased AVO2 Difference = The difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and venous blood.
Decreased Blood Volume = total quantity of blood in the body (plasma + cellular)
Acute Muscular Responses
Increased motor unit recruitment = The number and frequency of motor units recruited for the muscular contractions
Increased muscle temperature = The degree of intensity of heat present in the muscles.
Increased oxygen uptake and consumption = Volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body.
Increased Metabolic By Products = Substance leftover from the metabolic processes.
Decreased Energy Substrate Scores = Fuel sources required for ATP resynthesis.
Relative VO2 Max
Is a better measurement to compare athletes to one another.
Absolute VO2 Max
The amount of oxygen breathed in per minute.
Increased Ventilation Formula
Increased Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume
Increased Cardiac Output Formula
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Before exercise (increased heart rate)
Anticipatory Response
Warming the body up
ATP Breakdown
ATP is the energy source for all muscular movements. The ATP is split when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When it is split it releases energy.
Creatine Phosphate (Chemical)
Chemical fuel contatining a high-energy phosphate for rapid release of energy.Limited CP Storage
Note 
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