PSYC1030 Quiz 4: Difficulties

Four causes of stress

-Frustration
-Conflict
-Change
-Pressure

what is stress

any circumstances that either threaten the individual’s well-being, or that the individual perceives as threatening their well-being.

Types of conflict

-The approach-approach
-The avoidance-avoidance
-The approach-avoidance

The approach-approach conflict

Choose between two positive competing alternatives

The avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choose between two really unattractive possibilities

The approach-avoidance conflict

NOT about a choice between two different behaviours.

A choice about a goal or behaviour that has positive AND negative aspects to it.

Social Readjustment Rating Scale: First 10 items

1) Marriage
2) Troubles with the boss
3) Detention in jail or other institution
4) Death of spouse
5) Major change in sleeping habits
6) Death of a close family member
7) Major change in eating habits
8) Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan
9) Revision of personal habits
10) Death of a close friend

Emotional responses from stress

Annoyance
Anger
Rage
Apprehension
Anxiety
Fear
Dejection
Sadness
Grief

Paradoxical problem of strong emotional responses from stress

Can interfere

-Attention
-Memory
-Judgment
-Decision-making

Physiological response to stress

-Fight or flight
-Autonomic Nervous System
-Tachycardia
-Hypertension
-Increased respirations
-Reduced digestion

General Adaptation Syndrome's 3 stages

-Alarm response
-Resistance stage
-Exhaustion stage

Alarm response (first stage)

-Initial physiological reaction.
-Cortisol and adrenaline release

What is "choking under pressure"

-Performance impairment
-Elevated self-awareness
-Elevated self-consciousness
-Interferes with attention on the task

Constructive coping involves what factors

-Task orientated
-Realistic appraisal
-Inhibit emotions
-Eat healthy
-Sufficient sleep

PTSD

-Severe psychological effect
-Nightmares
-Flashbacks
-Reliving the traumatic event
-Loss of interest in important activities
-Hypervigilance
-Difficulty concentrating

Military stats on PTSD

-Iraq: 15.6% to 17.1%
-Afghanistan: 11.2% of those
-300,000 former military PTSD post war

Consequences of prolonged stress

-Sleep disturbances
-Sexual difficulties
-Poor academic/work performance
-Alcohol and drug abuse

Benefits if strong social support and optimism

-Stronger immune system
-More likely to seek support
-Constructive coping
-Positive appraisals

Prevalence of mental disorders (older adults, general population, nursing homes)

-Older adults: 15-25%
-General population: 20%
-Nursing homes: 70-90% (6-7% of population)

Key risk factors for depression include:

-Disability
-Newly diagnosed medical illness
-Poor health status
-Poor self-perceived health
-Prior depression -Bereavement

Protective factors for depression in elderly include

-Greater perceived social support
-Regular physical exercise
-Higher socioeconomic status

% of misdiagnosed dementia actually being depression

20%

Key risk factors for anxiety include

-Poor self-rated general health status
-Physical or sexual abuse in childhood
-Current smoker.

Protective factors of anxiety include

-Greater perceived social support
-Regular physical exercise
-Higher level of education.

Evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions for anxiety in older adults

-Cognitive behavioural therapy
-Relaxation training
-Supportive therapy

What type of therapy is used for crisis

Supportive therapy

Psychotherapies for older adults with depression:

-Cognitive behavioural therapy
-Interpersonal psychotherapy
-Problem-solving therapy
-Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

Stats: Bipolar and Schizophrenia in elderly females

-Females 2-3x more than males

Stats: Schizophrenia early onset compared to older onset

-75% early and mid life onset
-25% later life onset

What percentage of all dementias are attributed to Alzheimer's disease?

50-70%

Dementia definition

An acquired syndrome of intellectual impairment produced by brain dysfunction.

Dementia is characterized by changes in

-Thinking
-Personality
-Behaviour

Common age of onset dementia

65

Prevalence of developing dementia

6-7%

World wide stats on dementia

27-36 million
2/3 in Developing world

Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia

-Activity based therapy
-Supportive therapy
-Environmental approaches

WHO Age friendly city's, Eight dimensions of the living environment are targeted:

-The built environment
-Transport
-Civic participation
-Communication
-Community support
-Social inclusion
-Social participation
-Housing
-Health services
-Employment
-Respect

Stats on Non verbal communication according to Burgoon

60-66%

Paul Ekman's six basic emotions

Happiness.
Surprise.
Sadness.
Fear.
Disgust.
And anger.

Baby's demonstrate fear and disgust what age

Immediately

Baby's demonstrate smile at what age

6-8 weeks

Full spectrum of emotions demonstrated by what age

6 months

Theory's on deception

-Emotional
-Cognitive
-Self presentation perspective

Emotional theory perspective of lying (Ekman)

-Heightened arousal
-Physiological reactions
-Increased movements
-Increased speech disturbances

Cognitive theory perspective of lying (Burgoon)

-Deception cognitively complex
-Cognitive load increased
-Body language neglected
-Reduction in movement
-Increased speech disturbances
-Slower speech and pauses

Attempted control approach to lying (DePaulo)

-Attempts to control behaviour
-Rigid and inhibited
-Decreased movement
-Decreased speech

DePaulo's attempted control approach also called

Self presentation perspective

Best indicator of lying

Voice pitch

Non reliable indicators of lying

-Gaze (eg:looking to left)
-Smiling
-Shifting position

In relation to a liar's speech what gives it away

-Increase in speech disturbances
-Slower speech rate
-Move less

Average lie detection accuracy

54%

Primary appraisal

Threat or challenge

Secondary challenge

Skills and resources

Positive appraisals likely when

Controllable
Predictable

Chronological definition of Adolescence:

Teenage years between 13 and 19.

Biological definition of Adolescence:

-Physical markers

-Starts: pre-pubertal height spurt (precedes puberty)
-Ends when reach full reproductive maturity (15-18 years)

Societal definition of Adolescence:

-Starts: Onset of puberty
-Ends: when adolescents assume adult responsibilities

First of physical changes during puberty marking onset of puberty

-Growth spurt (height)

How much height growth per year for males and females

-Females: 8.5cm/year for 2 years
-Male: 9cm/year for 2 years

Age of onset of growth spurt for males and females

-Females: 11 years
-Males: 13-14 years

Consequences in adulthood from EARLY puberty in males

-Domineering
-Responsible
-Self-control
-Rigid
-Conforming
-Advanced in their career
-Difficulty coping with stress
-Intimacy difficulties

Males want to change what about themselves (stats)

-47% scholastic ability
-23% personality
-14% physical appearance

Females want to change what about themselves (stats)

-39% personality
-27% scholastic ability
-24% physical appearance

Male and Female adolescences both want to change the same 3 areas which are:

-Personality
-Scholastic ability
-Physical appearance

What are the risk factors for body dissatisfaction

-Media consumption
-Personality factors: perfectionist, internalising
-Stressful home environment
-OCD

Long term consequences for high body satisfaction

-High self esteem
-Positive peer relationships

Long term consequences for low body satisfaction

-Depression
-Eating disorders
-Exercise dependence
-Steroid use (males)

Three main changes for adolescences

-Physical changes
-Adult identities
-Survival

Secular trend

Long term linear trend in a single direction over time

Stats on tribal marriage

-Females: 63% within 2 years puberty
-Males: 64% within 4 years puberty

For females marker of adulthood is menstration, what is this for males?

Once reached specific level of achievement

Example: Kill on hunt

Average age first marriage for men and women 1974 and 2014

-Women: 1974: 21
-Women: 2014: 28
-Men: 1974: 23
-Men:2014: 30

Increase of 7 years

(21, 23)

Pros and cons of delayed adolescence

-Pro: time and freedom enabled fundamental cultural shift

-Con: Delay in social responsibilities

How long is the adolescent period historically compared to currently

-Historically: 2-4 year adolescent phase
-Currently: 8-15 year adolescent phase

Marcia's identity statuses

-Foreclosure
-Identity diffusion
-Identity achievement
-Moritorium

No crisis, yes commitment

Foreclosure

-Commitment
-Didnt thinking things through

"my dad is a builder he says im strong and wants me to do it, I will go through with that"

No commitment, no crisis

Identity diffusion

-Didn't think things through
-No commitment

Yes crisis, no commitment

Moritorium

-Thought things through
-No commitment

"I cant decide"

Yes crisis, Yes commitment

Identity achievement

-Crisis
-Commitment

Most adolescences have achieved "identity achievement" by what age

21-24

Stats on adolescence car accidents

36% of accidents
<20% drivers on the road

Mortality rates of adolescence

200-300% increase in mortality from child to adolescence

Synaptic pruning rids unused synapse connections and strengthens useful ones. What age is this happening

-2 and 15
-Major reorganisation at 2

How much synaptic pruning occurs at 2 years old

Up to 50%

Benefits of late development of pre frontal cortex

-Creativity
-Flexibility of thinking
-Adaptability

Three types of positive illusions

-Abilities
-Control
-Optimism

Where does the self come from a combination of what

-Decisions or existentialism
-Predispositions
-Society "product of environment"

Self serving bias

-Success attributed internally
-Failures attributed externally

Downward comparison

Comparing your circumstances to someone worse off

False consensus used with what

Opinions

False uniqueness used with what

Abilities

False uniqueness and confidence

High self confidence

Benefits of self deceptions

-Persuade yourself
-Persuade others
-Enables social acceptance
-Survival

What is a super centenarian

110+

Limit of human life span

120

Categorizing ages

65-75: Young old
75-85: Old old
85 + Oldest old

Life expectancy

Globally: Males 66, Females 71
Australia: Males 81, Females 85
USA: Males 77, Females 82

Africa life expectancy difference compared to global:

30 years less due to HIV

Why do you have an enhanced life span >60

-Children in developing world die <5
-Congenital conditions, shorten lifespan.
-High-risk occupations

What age is the fastest growing age group

75+