AP Psych Cognition Test

thinking, learning, memory, language

"A" and "ill" are example of

morphemes

A child's acquisition of grammar first becomes apparent at

the two-word stage

A cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, and retrieved is known as

the information-processing model

A dictionary definition would be an example of

an artificial concept

A guitarist used ______ to recall how to play the notes of a specific song.

procedural memory

A heuristic is best described as

a rule of thumb

To solve a math problem where you find the area of a triangle, you use

an algorithm

A person who uses a drop of super glue to seal a paper cut on a finger has overcome the obstacle to effective problem solving related to

functional fixedness

An _________ is a step-by-step solution to a problem that is likely to be successful.

algorithm

Absent-mindedness in a college student would typically involve

trying to study while watching television.

According to Freud, the only way to be free of repressed memories is to

uncover them in therapy

After the outcome is known, people often have distorted thinking about their original expectations due to

a hindsight bias

All of the following are component of thought except

stimuli

An eidetic image will fade from memory if you

describe it

As the information in this book passes from one stage of your memory to the next, the information becomes more

meaningful

At a high school class reunion you are likely to experience a flood of memories that would be unlikely to come to mind under other circumstances. What memory process explains this?

encoding specificity

Because of the limited capacity of _______ memory, it is unsafe to talk on a cell phone while driving on a freeway during rush hour.

working

Because _______ memories of events before age 3 are extremely rare, early memories of abuse are likely to be

episodic, erreneous

Brad is home when all of his lights suddenly go out. His thought that "this is what happens when a circuit breaker is blow" would be considered as

identifying the problem

Children, regardless of where they are brought up, speak primarily about which of the following categories of ideas?

locations, movable objects, and movers

Chomsky believed that the language acquisition device was

a combination of speech structures located in the brain

Concepts cannot be directly observed by

researchers

During the memory process of ________, we select, and identify the correct format for the memory system.

encoding

Ebbinghaus found that when he returned to a list of words that he had previously memorized a few weeks before, it took him

fewer trials time to remember the list again.

Eidetic memory is most often found in

children

HM lost the ability to create new memories after his surgery and is suffering from

anterograde amnesia

Heuristic strategies show that our thinking is often based on

experience rather than logic

Highly emotional memories may cause posttraumatic stress disorder, recent research has found which brain structure to play a significant role in these emotional memories?

amygdala

If Ellie who is 2.5 years old says "Cookie me now" she is demonstrating

telegraphic speech

If George is trying to remember info for a test and encoded the info correctly but cant remember it after two days there may be a problem with

storage

If you learn info in one room and then have to take a test in a different room and your score isnt good, what could explain this

encoding specificity

If you look at a certain area on the chalkboard where a certain concept was to help you remember the term, you are using

a retrieval cue

If you witness a mugging and the polic ask did you see the scar, you might reply that you did see a scar even if there wasnt one. what explains this?

misinformation effect

if you get a call to pick up your brother but then get a call from your friend and you forget about your brother, you would be experiencing

bsent-mindedness

if your teacher asks you to provide a definition, you are answering what kind of question?

recall

In proactive interference, old memories act to

block our ability to learn new information.

In studies completed regarding students' cognitive maps of the world, researchers found that

the majority of students placed Europe at the center of the world

Individuals who have amazingly developed skill despite their mental handicap are referred to as

savants

Jenny is locked out of her car is cold and upset. she forgets she has stuff in her purse to help her break into her car. she is demonstrating

functional fixedness

Knowing how to check out a book at the library is an example of

a script

Long-term potentiation suggest that

millions of neurons can be involved in storing a single memory.

Many Alzheimers patients have a memory that initially gives up newer thoughts and memories. In many ways this resembles

anterograde amnesia

many individuals can remember an entire sentence that is read to them, even though is exceeds the amount of information we can generally hold in working memory. they do this by

using the phonological loop

Many psychologists view creativity as a form of

divergent thinking

Modern cognitive research suggests that memory for emotionally arousing events

is remembered vividly

New information is related to older memory information during the memory process of

elaboration

Noam Chomsky believed that language was

attributable primarily to nature

Noam Chomsky has presented evidence supporting his theory that

children are born with some rules of grammar programmed into their brains

Once children understand that there are rules regarding language, they have

reached the two word stage

One of the reasons that people use algorithms is that they

will always work if used properly

Place the stages of language development in correct order.

babbling,one word, two word, telegraphic

Remembering an explanation about neural networks is likely held in your

semantic memory

Results from PET scan studies suggest that

thought occurs in widely distributed areas of the brain, and that a range of highly specialized modules deals with different kinds of thought.

Retrograde amnesia involves _____ and is maybe induced by __________.

the loss of prior memory traces, head trauma

Sally said, "I goed to the store." She is demonstrating an example of

overregularization

Sperling's study involving recall of an array of 12 letters suggested that the actual capacity of sensory memory is

12 or more items

The naming explosion begins at about age

18 months

The ability of the hippocampus to transfer intermediate memories into long-term memory is known as

consolidation

The awareness of what your friend wore to school last April 21st must first pass through _________ memory.

sensory

The best strategy by which to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory is to engage in

elaborative rehearsal

the capacity of working memory is about _____ items.

seven

The concept proposed by Noam Chomsky that suggests that all individuals are born with an innate ability to learn language relies on

the language acquisition device

The memory failure caused by transience is adaptive in that it

prevents memory from becoming overwhelmed

The memory process of elaboration resembles the Piagetian concept of

assimilation

The most representative example of a category is called a

prototype

The physical trace associated with long-term memory are known as

engram

The sensory register for vision is called _____ memory, whereas the sensory register for hearing is called ______ memory.

echoic

The storage capacity of working memory

is smaller than both sensory and long-term memory

The three memory stages, in order of processing, are

sensory, working, and long term

The TOT phenomenon is explained as due to a poor match between

retrieval cues and encoding in LTM

The typical vocabulary of a six-year-old is

10,000 words

The __________________ theory claims that establishing more connections with long-term memories makes information more meaningful and memorable and thus easier to recall.

levels-of-processing

To answer this multiple choice question, you muse use

recognition

Were sensory memories to last longer than normal,

old information would interfere with incoming information

When you create in your mind a "typical day at school," you are experiencing

concept formation

When you get a new cat, you will note its unique markings so you can compare it to other cats in the neighborhood. what would a cognitive psychologist call this process of identifying the distinctive features of your cat?

encoding

When you learn the tango, you forget the mambo that you learned last year. This is an example of

retroactive interference

What kind of forgetting is involved when the sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology I am studying today?

proactive interference

Which of the following brain areas is primarily concerned with speech production?

Broca's area

Which of the following is NOT one of Daniel Schater's "seven sins" of memory?

encoding failure

Which of the following is true of creativity?

creativity first involves becoming an expert in a specific field

Which of the "sins" of memory probably helps us to avoid dangerous situations we have encountered before?

persistence

Which one of the seven "sins" of memory is disputed by those who believe that memories of childhood abuse can, in many cases, be recovered during adulthood?

suggestibility

Which part of long-term memory stores autobiographical information?

episodic memory

Working memory involves activity in circuits located within the ____________ of the brain.

frontal cortex

You try to remember lines by linking each portion of the script to different places in your home. this memory technique is

method of loci

_______ are clusters of knowledge that provide general conceptual frameworks regarding certain topics, events, and situations.

schemas

______________________ are unique brain wave patterns that are associated with particular stimuli.

event-related potentials

_________ memory is primarily what contributes to our sense of self.

long-term memory

_______ ______ was the first to hypothesize that people form cognitive maps of their environment to help guide their actions toward certain goals.

Edward Tolman

true or false: brain imaging studies indicate that the frontal cortex is activated during a working memory task.

true

true or false: children begin to understand rules of grammar at about two years of age.

true

true or false: event schemas are also called scripts

true

true or false: our concepts of items need to be tangible.

false

Patient HM suffered from retrograde amnesia.

false

true or false: procedural and declarative memories are the two major forms of long-term memory.

true

true or false: those with damaged parietal lobes may experience problems with "common sense"

false