Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

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Operational definition

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54 Terms

1

Operational definition

________ describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable.

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2

Validity

________ is the extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

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3

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

________ trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, demonstrating stimulus- response learning.

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4

Freud

________ believed that early life experiences shape personality and that the unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories.

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5

Reliability

________ is consistency or repeatability.

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6

G Stanley Hall

________ founded the American Psychological Association, founded a psychology lab using introspection at Johns Hopkins University, and became its first president.

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7

Descriptive Statistics

________: Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample.

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8

Pavlovs experiments

________ at the beginning of the 20th century paved the way for behaviorism, which dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s.

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9

Empirical philosopher Locke

________ believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge,"a blank slate "(tabula rasa)

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10

Participation

________ in a study should be voluntary, and not coerced or influenced as part of a grade, raise, or promotion.

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11

Statistical significance

________ (p) is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

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12

American Psychological Association

The ________ (APA) lists ethical principles and code of conduct for the scientific, educational, or professional roles for all psychologists.

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13

Wundt

________ used trained introspection to study the mind's structure and identify consciousness's basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images.

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14

Nature nurture controversy

________: which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience.

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15

standard deviation

Variance and ________ (SD) indicate the degree to which scores differ from each other and vary around the mean value for the set.

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16

Sigmund Freud

________ opposed behaviorists in Austria.

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17

Descartes

________ defended mind- body dualism (Cogito ergo sum "- I think, therefore I am) "and that what we know is innate.

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18

Neuropsychologists

________ explore the relationships between brain /nervous systems and behavior.

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19

scientific experiment

In a(n) ________, the researcher controls a variable and observes the response.

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20

modern psychology

The model is a unifying theme in ________ drawing from and interacting with the seven approaches to explain behavior.

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21

median

The ________ is the middle score when the set of data is ordered by size.

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22

mode

The ________ is the most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

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23

Roots of psychology

________ can be traced to philosophy and physiology /biology over 2, 000 years ago in ancient Greece.

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24

Case Study

________: is an in- depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.

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25

Meta analysis

________ provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

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26

Survey Method

________: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.

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27

Clinical psychologists

________ treat people with temporary psychological crises like grief, addiction, or social issues and those with chronic psychiatric disorders.

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28

Social psychologists

________ focus on how a persons mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.

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29

Humanists

________ value feelings and believe people are naturally positive and growth- seeking.

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30

Wilhelm Wundt

In 1879, ________ founded scientific psychology by founding a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, to study immediate conscious sensation.

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31

Inferential statistics

________ are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

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32

Psychoanalytic theory

________ explained mental disorders, personality, and motivation through unconscious internal conflicts.

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33

Demand characteristics

________: The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond.

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34

Variables

________ are factors with multiple values.

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35

Variability

________ describes the spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

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36

Psychologists

________ studied social and environmental factors affecting cultural differences in behavior.

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37

Double

________- blind procedure, a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

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38

Margaret Floy Washburn

Titchener's first graduate student and first psychology PhD was ________.

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39

Frequency polygon

________- a line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line.

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40

Single blind procedure

________, a research design in which the participants dont know which treatment group- experimental or control- they are in.

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41

psychological factors

The biopsychosocial model integrates biological processes, ________, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes.

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42

Placebo effect

________ is now used to describe any cases when experimental participants change their behavior in the absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.

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43

Random selection

________ can be achieved by putting all the names in a hat and picking out a specified number of names, by alphabetizing the roster of enrollees and choosing every fifth name, or by using a table of random numbers to choose participants.

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44

arithmetic average

The mean is the ________ of the set of scores.

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45

Edward Titchener

________ brought introspection to his Cornell University lab, analyzed consciousness into its basic elements, and investigated how they are related.

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46

Nature-nurture controversy

which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience

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47

Sample

a subgroup of the population

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48

Experimental group

receives the treatment

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49

Control group

does not receive the treatment

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50

Between-subjects design

The participants in the experimental and control groups are different individuals

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51

Confounding variables

Differences between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable

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52

Subjects

attend the same two sessions upon which the quiz is based

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53

Demand characteristics

The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond

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54

Placebo

The imitation pill, injection, patch, or other treatment

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