Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Operational definition

\________ describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable.

Validity

\________ is the extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

\________ trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, demonstrating stimulus- response learning.

Freud

\________ believed that early life experiences shape personality and that the unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories.

Reliability

\________ is consistency or repeatability.

G Stanley Hall

\________ founded the American Psychological Association, founded a psychology lab using introspection at Johns Hopkins University, and became its first president.

Descriptive Statistics

\________: Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample.

Pavlovs experiments

\________ at the beginning of the 20th century paved the way for behaviorism, which dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s.

Empirical philosopher Locke

\________ believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge,"a blank slate "(tabula rasa)

Participation

\________ in a study should be voluntary, and not coerced or influenced as part of a grade, raise, or promotion.

Statistical significance

\________ (p) is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

American Psychological Association

The \________ (APA) lists ethical principles and code of conduct for the scientific, educational, or professional roles for all psychologists.

Wundt

\________ used trained introspection to study the mind's structure and identify consciousness's basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images.

Nature nurture controversy

\________: which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience.

standard deviation

Variance and \________ (SD) indicate the degree to which scores differ from each other and vary around the mean value for the set.

Sigmund Freud

\________ opposed behaviorists in Austria.

Descartes

\________ defended mind- body dualism (Cogito ergo sum "- I think, therefore I am) "and that what we know is innate.

Neuropsychologists

\________ explore the relationships between brain /nervous systems and behavior.

scientific experiment

In a(n) \________, the researcher controls a variable and observes the response.

modern psychology

The model is a unifying theme in \________ drawing from and interacting with the seven approaches to explain behavior.

median

The \________ is the middle score when the set of data is ordered by size.

mode

The \________ is the most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

Roots of psychology

\________ can be traced to philosophy and physiology /biology over 2, 000 years ago in ancient Greece.

Case Study

\________: is an in- depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.

Meta analysis

\________ provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

Survey Method

\________: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.

Clinical psychologists

\________ treat people with temporary psychological crises like grief, addiction, or social issues and those with chronic psychiatric disorders.

Social psychologists

\________ focus on how a persons mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.

Humanists

\________ value feelings and believe people are naturally positive and growth- seeking.

Wilhelm Wundt

In 1879, \________ founded scientific psychology by founding a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, to study immediate conscious sensation.

Inferential statistics

\________ are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

Psychoanalytic theory

\________ explained mental disorders, personality, and motivation through unconscious internal conflicts.

Demand characteristics

\________: The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond.

Variables

\________ are factors with multiple values.

Variability

\________ describes the spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

Psychologists

\________ studied social and environmental factors affecting cultural differences in behavior.

Double

\________- blind procedure, a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Titchener's first graduate student and first psychology PhD was \________.

Frequency polygon

\________- a line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line.

Single blind procedure

\________, a research design in which the participants dont know which treatment group- experimental or control- they are in.

psychological factors

The biopsychosocial model integrates biological processes, \________, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes.

Placebo effect

\________ is now used to describe any cases when experimental participants change their behavior in the absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.

Random selection

\________ can be achieved by putting all the names in a hat and picking out a specified number of names, by alphabetizing the roster of enrollees and choosing every fifth name, or by using a table of random numbers to choose participants.

arithmetic average

The mean is the \________ of the set of scores.

Edward Titchener

\________ brought introspection to his Cornell University lab, analyzed consciousness into its basic elements, and investigated how they are related.

Nature-nurture controversy

which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience

Sample

a subgroup of the population

Experimental group

receives the treatment

Control group

does not receive the treatment

Between-subjects design

The participants in the experimental and control groups are different individuals

Confounding variables

Differences between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable

Subjects

attend the same two sessions upon which the quiz is based

Demand characteristics

The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond

Placebo

The imitation pill, injection, patch, or other treatment