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Ch 18 - Supply Side Policies

  • Supply side policies are government attempts to increase productivity and efficiency in the economy

    • if successful, they will shift aggregate supply to the right and enable higher economic growth in the long run

    • Supply side policies should increase productivity and shift long-run AS to the right

  • Free market SSP: policies which increase competitiveness and free-market efficiency

    • lower income tax rates, reduced power of trade unions

    • Privatisation: set state owned assets to private sector, improves incentives

    • deregulation: allows new firms to enter the market open monopolies to competition

    • income tax cuts: greater incentives to work longer hours

    • remove regulations: reduce power of trade unions, minimum wage and regulations

    • free trade agreements: reduce tariff barriers and obstacle to trade

    • reduce welfare benefits: increase incentive to get a job

      • all these factors improve efficiency and competitiveness by extension

  • Interventionist SSP: government intervention to overcome market failure

    • higher government spending on transport, education, and communication

    • government provides capital goods and services where it is believed that the market has failed to provide them.

  • Benefits of SSP:

    1. Lower inflation: shifting AS to the right will cause a lower price level

      • More efficient economy → SSP will reduce cost-push inflation

      • Privatisation leads to more efficiency and lower prices

  1. Lower unemployment: SSP contributes to reducing structural, frictional, and real wage unemployment which reduces the rate of unemployment

  2. Improved economic growth: SSP will increase sustainable rate of economic growth by increasing LRAS, which enables higher rate of economic growth without causing inflation

  3. Improved trade + balance of payments:

    • Firms export more when productivity increases

    • Competition is important in an increasingly globalised marketplace

  • In deregulation, competition tends to lead to lower prices + better quality of goods and services

    • Difficulty: not all industries are amenable to competition. Privatising and deregulation these industries creates a private monopoly who can charge higher prices

    • Lower income taxes increases incentive for people to work harder, leading to an increase in labour supply and more output. A cut in corporation tax gives firms more retained profit they can use for investment. (not always the case, incentive isn’t always increased and firms may choose to save profit)

    • Labour markets can be regulated through policies such as:

      • make it easier to hire/fire workers

      • reduce maximum working hours and minimum holiday pay

      • enable zero-hour contracts, which allow firms to employ workers when demand is greater

      • flexible working hours decrease productivity

  • Interventionist SSP: policies which are based on the idea that the government has a fundamental role to play in actively encouraging growth

    • Investment in human capital

      • increases productivity through improving education, labour force and training

      • education creates positive externalities

    • Research and development

      • economies need to study up-to-date with modern developments to develop new production techniques

      • tax credit: could allow firms to not pay taxes from retained profit spent on R+D

    • Provision and maintenance of infrastructure: defined as large scale capital provided by the government

      • necessary for economic activity

      • productive potential of an economy illustrated by LRAS will be imposed by a better infrastructure

        • Direct support for businesses or enterprise

  • Limitations for Interventionist SSP:

    • significant monetary cost involved

    • time lags before an outcome is produced

    • depends on politics of the country

    • supply SP are long run, but when implemented, some will have short run demand side effects

  • Demand side theory: is built in the idea that economic growth is stimulated through demand

    • main goal is to continue consumer spending on products → keep the economy afloat

  • In market based supply policies, the reduction of household income taxes and corporate taxes will have expansionary fiscal effects

    • In interventionist SSP, increased government spending increases AD in the economy and has expansionary fiscal effects

Ch 18 - Supply Side Policies

  • Supply side policies are government attempts to increase productivity and efficiency in the economy

    • if successful, they will shift aggregate supply to the right and enable higher economic growth in the long run

    • Supply side policies should increase productivity and shift long-run AS to the right

  • Free market SSP: policies which increase competitiveness and free-market efficiency

    • lower income tax rates, reduced power of trade unions

    • Privatisation: set state owned assets to private sector, improves incentives

    • deregulation: allows new firms to enter the market open monopolies to competition

    • income tax cuts: greater incentives to work longer hours

    • remove regulations: reduce power of trade unions, minimum wage and regulations

    • free trade agreements: reduce tariff barriers and obstacle to trade

    • reduce welfare benefits: increase incentive to get a job

      • all these factors improve efficiency and competitiveness by extension

  • Interventionist SSP: government intervention to overcome market failure

    • higher government spending on transport, education, and communication

    • government provides capital goods and services where it is believed that the market has failed to provide them.

  • Benefits of SSP:

    1. Lower inflation: shifting AS to the right will cause a lower price level

      • More efficient economy → SSP will reduce cost-push inflation

      • Privatisation leads to more efficiency and lower prices

  1. Lower unemployment: SSP contributes to reducing structural, frictional, and real wage unemployment which reduces the rate of unemployment

  2. Improved economic growth: SSP will increase sustainable rate of economic growth by increasing LRAS, which enables higher rate of economic growth without causing inflation

  3. Improved trade + balance of payments:

    • Firms export more when productivity increases

    • Competition is important in an increasingly globalised marketplace

  • In deregulation, competition tends to lead to lower prices + better quality of goods and services

    • Difficulty: not all industries are amenable to competition. Privatising and deregulation these industries creates a private monopoly who can charge higher prices

    • Lower income taxes increases incentive for people to work harder, leading to an increase in labour supply and more output. A cut in corporation tax gives firms more retained profit they can use for investment. (not always the case, incentive isn’t always increased and firms may choose to save profit)

    • Labour markets can be regulated through policies such as:

      • make it easier to hire/fire workers

      • reduce maximum working hours and minimum holiday pay

      • enable zero-hour contracts, which allow firms to employ workers when demand is greater

      • flexible working hours decrease productivity

  • Interventionist SSP: policies which are based on the idea that the government has a fundamental role to play in actively encouraging growth

    • Investment in human capital

      • increases productivity through improving education, labour force and training

      • education creates positive externalities

    • Research and development

      • economies need to study up-to-date with modern developments to develop new production techniques

      • tax credit: could allow firms to not pay taxes from retained profit spent on R+D

    • Provision and maintenance of infrastructure: defined as large scale capital provided by the government

      • necessary for economic activity

      • productive potential of an economy illustrated by LRAS will be imposed by a better infrastructure

        • Direct support for businesses or enterprise

  • Limitations for Interventionist SSP:

    • significant monetary cost involved

    • time lags before an outcome is produced

    • depends on politics of the country

    • supply SP are long run, but when implemented, some will have short run demand side effects

  • Demand side theory: is built in the idea that economic growth is stimulated through demand

    • main goal is to continue consumer spending on products → keep the economy afloat

  • In market based supply policies, the reduction of household income taxes and corporate taxes will have expansionary fiscal effects

    • In interventionist SSP, increased government spending increases AD in the economy and has expansionary fiscal effects

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