The Skeletal System and Joints of Domestic Animals Part II

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton system?

Protection, support, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

Hard layer

Compact bone

Porous network

Spongy bone

Space (long bones)

Medullary cavity

Either end (long bones)

Epiphysis

Between epiphyses

Diaphysis

Widest part (long bone)

Metaphysis

Bone grow area

Epiphyseal cartilage

Thin layer (articular)

Articular cartilage

Fibrous membrane (exterior)

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane (interior)

Endosteum

What is the red?

Articular cartilage

What is the orange?

Spongy bone

What is the yellow?

Epiphyseal line

What is the green?

Red bone marrow

What is the blue?

Endosteum

What is the purple?

Compact bone

What is the tan?

Medullary cavity

What is the light brown?

Yellow bone marrow

What is the brown?

Periosteum

What is the pink?

Nutrient artery

What is the black?

Metaphysis

What is the grey?

Proximal epiphysis

What is the plum?

Diaphysis

What is the light blue?

Distal epiphysis

What is the red?

Epiphyseal line

What is the orange?

Spongy bone

What is the yellow?

Compact bone

What is the green?

Bone marrow

What is the blue?

Blood vessels

Support/locomotion/grasp

Long bone

Ex. Femur

Long bone

Shock absorption

Short bone

Ex. carpus

Short bone

Protection

Flat

Ex. scapulae

Flat

Friction reduction

Sesamoid

Ex. Patella

Sesamoid

Communication with exterior

Pneumatic

Ex. Frontal bone- skull

Pneumatic

Protection/support/muscular attachment

Irregular

Ex. Vertebrae

Irregular

Bones on or attached to the axis (middle) of the body

Axial skeleton

Pectoral and pelvic limbs

Appendicular skeleton

Study of joints, also known as articulations

Syndesmology/atrhrology

What are the four classifications of joints?

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints, synovial structures

No joint cavity

Fibrous joints

Bones are united by fibrous tissue (dense collagenous connective tissue)

Fibrous joints

Limited to no movement

Fibrous joints

Examples of fibrous joints

Connection between skull, anchors teeth, forearm, leg bone

Bones are united by cartilage, with no intervening joint cavity (‘without joint cavity’)

Cartilaginous joints

The most common type of joint in the body

Synovial joints

Presence of joint cavity; contain fluid filled space

Synovial joint

Lubrication

Synovial fluid

Provides joint mobility

Synovial joints

Layers of compact bone

Articular surface

Layer of hyaline covering the ends of articulating bones

Articular cartilage

Space between two bones

Articular cavity

Two layers

Joint capsule

Muscle to bone

Tendon

Bone to bone

Ligament

Fluid filled sac between tendon and bone (acts as a cushion in the elbow, knee, rob, shoulder)

Bursa

Acts as a cushion (knee, stifle, and temporomandibular joint)

Meniscus fibrocartilage

Decrease the angle between segments

Flexion

Increase the angle between segments

Extension

> 180 degrees or straight line

Hyperextension T

Towards the median plane

Adduction

Away from the median plane

Abduction

Around its own axis

Rotation

Combination of all movements (except rotation)

Circumduction

“Soft spot” or molera (young mammal’s skull)

Fontanel

Between mandible and temporal bone (contains meniscus)

Temporomandibular

Skull and C1 (1st atlas or 1st cervical vertebrae)

Atlanto-occipital joint

C1 and C2 vertebrae

Atlanto-axial joint

Fibrocartilage; allows bending in any direction

Intervertebral disk (IVD)

Carpal bones-radius

Carpus (radiocarpal) joint

Proximal-distal carpal bones

Midcarpal joint

Carpal-metacarpal bones

Carpometacarpal