Peoples, Plagues and Pests Exam 2

The Mayans had a sophisticated food-production system that consisted of the following except:

a. Slash & burn agriculture

b. draft animals

c. terracing

d. irrigation

Draft Animals

Which of the following best represents the maximum number of people thought to have lived in the Americas prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492?

a. 1 million

b. 10 million

c. 100 million

d. 100 thousand

e. 1 billion

100 million

When Hernando DeSoto explored North America in the early 1540s he saw which of the following:

a. Native American cities of 200,000 or more people with temples, plazas, & markets.

b. Very few native peoples, who fled upon his arrival.

c. Lake Michigan.

d. The French explorer Rene de

LaSalle.

Native American cities of 200,000 or more people with temples, plazas, & markets.

The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from the French can be indirectly attributed to

a. yellow fever

b. African sleeping sickness

c. hook worms

d. Chaga's disease

Yellow Fever

Which of the following best explains the great Mayan collapse?

a. smallpox

b. Population increase, poor weather & plant diseases

c.Population increase, labor intensive agriculture, resource depletion, & human disease

d. Chaga's disease and yellow fever

e. Climate change

Population increase, labor intensive agriculture, resource depletion, & human disease

Efforts to cultivate Hevea brasiliensis in the Americas failed because of which of the following:

a. Hemileia vastatrix

b. Microcyclus ulei

c. Phytophthora infestans

d. Cochliobolus miyabeanus

e. None of the above

Microcyclus ulei

Which of the following is characteristic of farmer societies compared to hunter-gatherers?

a. shortened birth interval

b. higher population densities

c. social classes

d. living in close proximity to

human and animal waste

e. all of the above

f. none of the above

All of the above

Swidden agriculture is equivalent to which of the following:

a. terracing

b. slash and burn

c. channelized fields

d. irrigated

e. none of the above

Slash and Burn

In the mid-nineteenth century in Brazil, the racist policy known as "whitening" had which of the following consequences?

a. it increased the number of African slaves

b. it increased the numbers of white and Asian immigrants

c. it caused a malaria epidemic

d. it contributed to a yellow fever

epidemic

It contributed to the yellow fever epidemic

Vulcanization is the process that:

a. Involved treating Hevea latex

with sulfur and heat.

b. Helped to fuel the Great Leap Forward.

c. Makes fried eggs safe to eat.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

All of the above

Dengue, zika and chikungunya are

a. nutritional diseases

b. transmitted person to person

c. vector-borne diseases

d. water-borne diseases

Vector-borne diseases

The 1878 yellow fever epidemic that struck New Orleans, Memphis and other cities in the American south was believed to have originated in

A. Jamaica c. Haiti

B. Cuba d. Brazil

Cuba

The Mayan civilization at its peak occupied parts of which of these present day countries?

a. Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru

b. Costa Rica, Columbia,

Bolivia

c. The S.W. US and Mexico

d. Costa Rica and Colombia

e. Mexico, Guatemala, Belize,

Honduras, & El Salvador

Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, & El Salvador

Smallpox was so devastating in the New World because:

a. the "founder effect".

b. fewer types of human leukocyte antigens than in

European populations

c. it was a virgin-soil epidemic.

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a symptom of yellow fever?

a. symptoms recede, then return with increased severity

b. vomiting blood

c. hyperbilirubinemia

d. delirium and coma

e. All of the above

f. none of the above

All of the above

The pathogen that causes Chagas' disease belongs to the same genus as the pathogen that causes

a. Yellow fever

b. Dengue

c. African sleeping sickness

d. Malaria

African Sleeping Sickness

American trypanosomiasis is also known as

a. Smallpox

b. Chagas Disease

c. Yellow fever

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

Chagas Disease

Why did the Americans and not the French complete the Panama Canal?

a. The American engineers were better

b. The Americans worked on the canal

after the vector of yellow fever was

discovered

c. The Americans had identified the

vector of Chagas disease

d. The French were more susceptible to

yellow fever.

The Americans worked on the canal after the vector of yellow fever was discovered

Countries with the highest malaria risk also tend to have

a. High GDPs

b. Low GDPs

c. Advanced public health surveillance systems

d. Low fertility

Low GDPs

A disease of wild animals is known as a(n)

a. epidemic

b. virgin soil epidemic

c. zoonosis

d. enzootic

Zoonosis

Romaña's sign is associated with

a. Chagas' disease

b. Scurvy

c. Yellow fever

d. Dengue fever

Chagas' disease

The release of this life stage of the malaria parasite triggers fever

a. merozoites

b. hypnozoites

c. sporozooites

d. ookinetes

Merozoites

The yellow fever epidemics of the New World were caused indirectly by

a. stagnant population growth in Europe in the 17th century

b. European demand for sugar.

c. resistance among Africans to yellow fever

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

All of the above

The Boers were/are descendants of

a. the Tswana

b. British and Hugenot colonists

c. the Bantu

d. Dutch and Hugenot colonists

Dutch and Hugenot colonists

The purpose of the Berlin Conference was

a. to regulate European colonization of the African continent

b. establish the SAIMR

c. discuss medical research on pneumonia and TB

d. all of the abovee. none of the above

To regulate European colonization of the African continent

Leishmaniasis was present in both Old and New Worlds because

a. It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave

trade

b. It was transported from the OW to the NW by Spanish

conquistadors

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

d. It probably arose separately in the OW and NW

It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave trade

Which of the following is true?

a. In African countries with high fertility rates, infectious diseases are needed to alleviate the suffering associated with overcrowding.

b. There is no relationship between high fertility rates and high rates of infant and child mortality due to infectious disease.

c. High rates of infant and child mortality due to infectious disease are indirectly responsible for high fertility rates.

d. High rates of infant and child mortality due to infectious disease are indirectly responsible for low fertility rates.

High rates of infant and child mortality due to infectious disease are indirectly responsible for high fertility rates.

The ban on DDT in the U.S. in 1972 had which unintended consequence?

a. the end of the Vietnam War

b. a massive increase of malaria in Africa and tens of millions

of avoidable deaths

c. a massive increase in HIV-AIDS infections

d. a significant population decline

A massive increase of malaria in Africa and tens of millions of avoidable deaths

In the dengue transmission cycle, the intrinsic incubation period is

a. when the virus develops in the mosquito

b. after a person becomes ill

c. after a person becomes infected but before they become ill

d. when the mosquito larvae are developing in water-holding containers

After a person becomes infected but before they become ill

The rapid rise and fall of the Mayan civilization was different from the rise and fall of other ancient civilizations (e.g. Aztecs, Incas, Mesopotamia) for which of the following reasons:

a. a series of specific, complex, interrelated biological, social, and demographic factors

b. monocropping

c. the inherent limitations of a

rainforest habitat

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

The inherent limitations of a rainforest habitat

If a person survives and recovers from dengue fever but later becomes infected again, what is a possible outcome?

a. DHF

b. IC

c. RIDL

d. Zika

DHF

Used automobile tires have been a significant problem because

a. they are difficult to recycle

b. they hold rainwater in which mosquitoes can breed

c. they have been transported great distances bringing disease vectors with them

d. All of the above.

e. None of the above.

All of the above

Malaria in Africa is like the ears of a hippopotamus because

a. most of the problem is unseen

b. both are very dangerous

c. both are native to Africa

d. there is no cure for either of them

Most of the problem is unseen

The impact of Henry Wickham's actions was the establishment of a cultivated rubber industry in:

a. Australia and New Guinea

b. East Africa

c. Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and Malaya

d. Brazil

e. All of the above.

Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and Malaya

Hernando de Cortes conquered which of the following people:

a. the Aztec people led by the Emperor Montezuma

b. the Inca lead by the Emperor Athualpathe

c. the Potosi people of Chile

d. the Taino people

e. none of the above

The Aztec people led by Emperor Montezuma

Smallpox has a non-infectious incubation period that lasts:

a. three days

b. one week

c. 12 days

d. three weeks

e. none of the above.

12 days

Since the late 1980s, dengue fever in Ecuador and throughout latin America has

a. increased

b. decreased

c. remained unchanged

d. been eradicated

Increased

Which of the following is considered a biological weapons threat by the United Nations

a. Chagas' disease

b. Scorbutus

c. Porotic hyperostosis

d. South American Leaf Blight

e. all of the above

f. none of the above

South American Leaf Blight

In the pre-Columbian New World, evidence of disease comes from

a. Written medical records

b. Records kept by Spanish

explorers

c. Fossilized DNA

d. Coprolites, mummies &

bones

Fossilized DNA

The technology that is used to create detailed maps of the terrain beneath the forest canopy showing extensive terracing and other landscape modifications of the Mayans is

a. RADAR

b. SONAR

c. PEPFAR

d. LIDAR

LIDAR

Which of the following contributed to the collapse of the Mayan civilization?

a. Nutritional stress, disease, & demographic instability.

b. Agricultural intensification, monocropping, & landscape degradation.

c. The relative absence of regional resource extraction networks.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

All of the above

Nearly 1/5 of the world's population was wiped out as a result of

a. malnutrition

b. SALB

c. Pathogens transported to the New World by Europeans

d. The combined effects of dengue, yellow fever, and malaria

Pathogens transported to the New World by Europeans

The most severe form of smallpox is caused by which of the following viruses:

a. Variola major

b. Variola fatalis

c. Variola minor

d. Variola falciparum

e. None of the above

Variola major

Human excrement used as fertilizer is known as

a. Milpa

b. Swidden

c. Night soil

d. Cenote

Night Soil

Chagas' disease was first a(n)

a. enzootic disease

b. virgin soil epidemic

c. zoonosis

d. nutritional disorder

Zoonosis

Heme iron such as that found in meat is nutritionally superior to non-heme iron found in plants because

a. It prevents jaundice

b. It prevents scurvy

c. It is more readily absorbed in the intestines

d. It is more rapidly excreted by the kidneys

It is more readily absorbed in the intestines

Scurvy can be prevented by ingesting adequate amounts of

a. zinc

b. iron

c. ascorbic acid

d. collagen

Iron

The pathogen that causes yaws belongs to the same genus as the pathogen that causes

a. malaria

b. dengue

c. syphilis

d. porotic hyperostosis

Syphilis

The "yellow" of the yellow fever refers to

a. the color of the vector

b. the color of the vomit

c. hyperbilirubinemia

d. porotic hyperostosis

Hyperbilirubinemia

Yellow fever came to the Americas in which century?

a. 1400s

b. 1500s

c. 1600s

d. 1700s

1600s

Which of the following originated as an animal disease and later 'jumped' into humans?

a. Scorbutus

b. Chagas disease

c. Porotic hyperostosis

d. Hyperbilirubinemia

Chagas disease

Chagas' disease is transmitted by

a. triatomine bugs

b. mosquitoes

c. torsalos

d. microfilariae

Triatomine bugs

The primary symptom of lymphatic filariasis is caused by

a. fat deposits

b. blockage of lymph ducts

c. muscle atrophy

d. hemorrhage

Blockage of lymph ducts

Which of the following is NOT a way in which people get Chagas' disease?

a. touching their eyes, mouth, or open cuts after contacting infective triatome bug feces

b. bugs directly depositing infected feces in their eyes

c. having unprotected sex with an infected person

d. eating uncooked food contaminated with triatomine bug feces;

e. receiving an infected blood transfusion or organ transplant

Having unprotected sex with an infected person

Scurvy is caused by

a. A bacterium

b. malnutrition

c. a virus

d. vitamin B12 deficiency

e. vitamin C deficiency

Vitamin C deficiency

Aedes aegypti is an efficient vector of human disease because it

a. breeds in tree holes

b. is anthropophagic

c. tolerates subfreezing temperatures

d. is zoophilic

Is anthropogenic

The beginning of plant and animal domestication by humans coincided with

a. The Great Leap Forward

b. The evolution of upright posture in humans about 4 million years ago

c. The beginning of human evolution about 7 million years ago.

d. The end of the last ice age

The end of the last ice age

Which of the following parasites is nearing eradication?

a. Guinea worm

b. Pork tapeworm

c. Human bot fly

d. New world screwworm

Guinea worm

The main challenge to the development of a dengue vaccine is that

a. dengue viruses are too closely related to the yellow fever virus

b. it must be tetravalent

c. it must be compatible with tetracycline

d. Lack of interest from the pharmaceutical industry

It must be tetravalent

An unintended result of the racist policy of 'Whitening' in Brazil was

a. A yellow fever outbreak primarily among white, European immigrants

b. An increase in the number of African slaves

c. A yellow fever outbreak primarily among people of African descent

d. A revolution by people of African descent against the white government

A yellow fever outbreak among people of African descent

Which of the following is the principal means used to reduce the incidence of Guinea worm?

a. Low-cost drug treatment

b. Area-wide control of snails

c. Distributing insecticide-treated bed nets

d. Providing the public with drinking water free of the intermediate host

e. Educating the public about the need to thoroughly cook pork

$$

Which disease contributed to the failure of the French to complete the Panama Canal?

a. Yellow fever

b. Chagas' disease

c. Leishmaniasis

d. Scurvy

Yellow Fever

Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by

a. drinking contaminated water

b. wading in contaminated water

c. mosquitoes

d. triatomines

Mosquitoes

The unhealthiest period in African history

a. began with independence from the colonial powers

b. was the period of foreign colonialism

c. occurred before Europeans arrived with western medicine

d. was caused by the use of DDT

Was the period of foreign colonialism

Dengue fever is caused by

a. a protist

b. a virus

c. a bacterium

d. malnutrition

A virus

The infestation of live vertebrate animals with fly larvae is called

a. myiasis

b. filariasis

c. cysticercosis

d. elephantiasis

Myiasis

From a public health perspective, lymphatic filariasis is best controlled by

a. Reduction of intermediate host populations

b. Vector control

c. Drug treatment of individuals

d. Drilling new wells for drinking water

Drug treatment of individuals

The Guinea worm parasite is acquired by/via

a. drinking contaminated water

b. wading in contaminated water

c. mosquito bites

d. unsanitary food workers

Drinking contaminated water

People get cysticercosis from:

a. drinking contaminated water with Cyclops

b. wading in contaminated water

c. eating undercooked pork

d. unsanitary food workers

Unsanitary food workers

Slavery ended in Brazil due to

a. Yellow fever

b. The policy of 'Whitening'

c. The realization that slavery was morally wrong

d. The end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

The policy of 'Whitening'

Outbreaks of yellow fever in New Orleans and Memphis were used in the U.S. as a justification to invade what country (colony)?

a. Haiti

b. Brazil

c. Mexico

d. Cuba

Cuba

People can be parasitized by the human bot fly

a. rubbing the insect's eggs in a fresh bite wound or eyes

b. when a female bot fly deposits an egg on the person's skin

c. by being bitten by a mosquito

d. eating undercooked pork

By being bitten by a mosquito

The first non-Africans to colonize South Africa were the

a. Portuguese

b. Dutch

c. English

d. Deutsche (German)

Dutch

About three and a half millennia ago, one group of African people adopted agriculture and then spread throughout much of Africa. They were the

a. Pygmies

b. Khoisan

c. Bantus

d. South Africans

Bantus

Pathogens that spread quickly & efficiently, cause acute rather than chronic illnesses, induce immunity and require a population of sufficient density are characteristics of what kind of diseases?

a. zoonoses

b. viral diseases

c. parasitic diseases

d. crowd diseases

e. non-crowd diseases

Crowd diseases

The trans-Atlantic slave trade in the Caribbean region was largely driven by labor needs in what industry?

a. Subsistence farming in Haiti

b. Mining

c. Sugar

d. Spice

Sugar

Since 1994, dengue and DHF have

a. increased

b. decreased

c. remain unchanged

d. been eradicated

Increased

Anatomically Modern Humans(Cro-magnon), arose about how many years ago?

a. 50,000

b. 100,000

c. 500,000

d. 1,000,000

50,000

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever increased greatly following World War II due in part to

a. habitat fragmentation

b. mutations that enable person to person transmission

c. the global spread of Anopheles mosquitoes

d. population growth and urbanization

e. all of the above

The global spread of Anopheles mosquitoes

Which event led to the yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793?

a. The Industrial Revolution in England

b. The Haitian revolution

c. The Cuban revolution

d. The Tamil uprising

The Haitian revolution

The most dangerous form of malaria is caused by

a. Plasmodium vivax

b. P. malariae

c. P. ovale

d. P. falciparum

P. falciparum

Farming societies tended to dominate hunter/gatherer societies because

a. They were less prone to non- crowd diseases

b. They were less prone to crowd diseases

c. More efficient food production allowed for larger population sizes and a military advantage

d. They were racially superior

More efficient food production allowed for larger population sizes and a military advantage

Survival of an initial infection by the yellow fever virus results in long- term immunity but surviving an initial infection by dengue virus sets the individual up for a serious and potentially fatal subsequent infection because

a. There are multiple serotypes of dengue virus

b. There are multiple serotypes of yellow fever virus

c. Dengue patients tend to be poorer than yellow fever patients

d. Yellow fever patients tend to be poorer than dengue patients

There are multiple serotypes of dengue virus

Leishmaniases and filariasis have been increasing in recent years due in large part to

a. the increase in periurban slums

b. insecticide resistant mosquitoes

c. drug resistant parasites

d. wars

The increase in periurban slums

What recent discovery is causing concern over the prospects for successful eradication of GWD?

a. it has been found in dogs, cats and baboons

b. drug resistance

c. insecticide resistance

d. the rise of periurban slums

It has been found in dogs, cats and baboons

Leishmaniasis was present in both the Old and New Worlds because

a. It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave trade

b. It was transported from the OW to the NW by Spanish conquistadors

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

d. It probably arose separately in the OW and NW

It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave trade

People get cysticercosis from

a. mosquitoes

b. wading in contaminated water

c. eating undercooked pork

d. unsanitary food workers

unsanitary food workers

Which of the following diseases are caused by multicellular animals called nematodes?

a. GWD, filariasis

b. filariasis, malaria

c. trypanosomiasis, malaria

d. TB, GWD

GWD, filariasis

Which of the following is true of Glossina biology?

a. one offspring is produced at a time

b. larvae develop in a 'uterus' and feed from a milk gland

c. all larval nutrition comes from mother's milk

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

All of the above

What is the major contemporary impact of Leishmaniasis in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Sudan?

a. It has caused a massive migration of people from rural areas to poverty- stricken urban areas.

b. It has caused political instability by reducing the agricultural labor force.

c. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

All of the above

The most dangerous form of leishmaniasis is

a. visceral

b. mucocutaneous

c. diffuse

d. cutaneous

Visceral

Smallpox virus has no known animal reservoirs. t/f 13

T 13

Vulcanization was invented by Charles Goodyear. t/f 2

T 2

The production of sugar from sugar cane was first developed in Jamaica. t/f 14

F 14

Smallpox virus was eradicated from the wild in 1879

F

Porotic hyperostosis is the skeletal manifestation in adulthood of childhood anemia and is evidence of nutrient-deficiency disease in the Mayans of the Classic Period. t/f 9

T 9

Smallpox virus has been used as a biological weapon t/f 3

T 3

One of the most important consequences of the 2nd Boer War was that the British got all the labor that they needed for the gold mines of South Africa. t/f 5

T 5

Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency caused by Chagas disease. t/f 2

F 2

Henry Wickham stole rubber seeds from Brazil and shipped them to southeast Asia t/f 12

T 12