APUSH Period 7 Part 3 IDs

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A notable lost generation writer who wrote “The Great Gatsby” and other works

Ernest Hemingway

A notable lost generation writer who wrote “The Old Man and the Sea” and other works

Gertrude Stein

A notable lost generation writer that wrote many notable poems at that time

The Lost Generation

A period of time where writers were overly melancholy after WWI because of disillusionment and the end of progressivism, includes Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Stein, and E. E. Cummings

Red Scare

A new period of xenophobia and fear of Bolshevism in nativists and other Americans, largely targeted the Industrial Workers of the World labor union

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

A general that conducted raids, usually known as Red Raids, to convict suspected communists and socialists, usually resulting in the deportation of immigrants

Marcus Garvey

A notable black activist in the 1920s who founded the UNIA organization and believed that African-Americans needed to take control of their own destinies and carve their own nation in Africa because whites would never fully accept them

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

An association founded by Marcus Garvey that worked to support blacks and their destinies and eventually carve them a nation in Africa

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

An act that revoked the undesirable category and instead looked at the immigrant census from 1910 and took 3% of that number in immigrants from each nationality per year, also kept the Asiatic-Barred Zone, which excluded most Asian immigration

National Origins Act of 1924

Keeps the Emergency Quota Act and minimizes it to 2% and looks at the 1890 census instead, which was a period of time where immigration was lower and led to even tighter immigration restriction

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Italian immigrants in Boston with loose anarchist ties who were arrested for robbery and murder despite a lack of real evidence and were sentenced to the death penalty

Great Migration

A period of time where black Americans move from Jim Crow South to northern cities in order to avoid racism, however, this leads to greater racial tensions up north

Red Summer of 1919

A period of violence related to racial issues because of black movement up north, including the Chicago Riots, largely caused by discrimination and them taking up jobs

Tulsa Massacre

In Oklahoma, Tulsa had a prominent and successful black community in Greenwood, white sentiment boils over when a white operator elevator accuses a black man, who is also the son of a notable businessman, of rape, leading to mass arrests of those who tried to protect him and violent white community attacks that murdered and destroyed homes.

Migration from Mexico

A lot of Mexican immigrants crossed the border from Mexico to the U.S. to escape violence, unrest, and instability in Mexico, these immigrants largely fill farmer jobs

New Ku Klux Klan

The KKK becomes mainstream in the 1920s where they extend their hatred to many other groups and use parades, picnics, movies (The Birth of a Nation), and fairs to tap into the fears of different people

Jazz Music

A genre of music that was largely integrated into African-American culture and played a large part in the Harlem Renaissance

New Negro Movement

African-Americans largely used their music and their culture to expand their social status during the 1920s, especially in the Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

A large celebration of African-American culture in the form of writings, media, and music that mostly spawns from Harlem, NYC

Langston Hughes

A notable Harlem Renaissance poet who wrote famous poetry including “The Weary Blues” collection

Zora Neale Hurston

A prominent female Harlem Renaissance poet renowned for her “Journey’s End” collection and the play “Color Struck”

Duke Ellington

A renowned Harlem Renaissance jazz musician and notable player in the Cotton Club

Louis Armstrong

A renowned Harlem Renaissance jazz musician who popularized the genre in Chicago

Bessie Smith

A renowned female Harlem Renaissance jazz vocalist

Claude McKay

A renowned Harlem Renaissance poet and writer

Cotton Club

A famous performance venue for many Harlem Renaissance figures with an orchestra to back them, ironically was a whites-only establishment

Film Industry

An industry dedicated to animation and depicting moving persons on screens that erupted in the 1920s, starting with Thomas Edison, then Adolph Zukor and Nickelodeons, and finally studios like Paramount, MGM, and more.

Radio

An invention that allowed for global broadcasting that exploded into American homes and became integrated into 1920s culture

Consumerism

The ability of people to buy consumer goods, which rose dramatically in the 1920s due to revolutions in car manufacturing, home appliance production, and apparel retailing

Mass-Circulation Magazines

Magazines that were mass produced in order to advertise as many products as possible, leading to a large increase in consumer spending

Charles Lindbergh

A man who conducted the first solo flight from NY to Paris, inspiring people that technology could accomplish great things after the melancholy experienced after WWI

Flappers

A new style of women in the 1920s that including bobbing their hair, wearing short dresses, listening to jazz, and flouting social and sexual norms, which liberated them but also reinforced negative stereotypes about women

Fundamental Christianity

An offshoot to Christianity as pushback against a recent lack of moral constraint, which believed that Biblical stories happens and that interpreting them would guide decision making

Scopes Trial

John Scopes was tried for teaching his students evolutionary theory in violation of the Butler Act in Tennessee, where any theory that denied “the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible” couldn’t be taught in classrooms to uphold Fundamentalist beliefs

Volstead Act/18th Amendment

The 18th Amendment prohibited the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol, and the Volstead Act allowed federal agents to seize illegal booze, raid breweries, inspect vehicles, and arrest those involved in liquor production or sale

Bootlegging

The act of moving alcohol around illegally in the Prohibition era due to the fact that many men smuggled liquor in the ankle pockets of their pants

Al Capone

The head of the Italian mafia in 1925 who was renowned for bombing and using violence to destroy enemy businesses, especially those who are in the bootleg alcohol trade

Speakeasies

Illegal underground drinking establishments that swept the nation throughout the Prohibition era

Warren G. Harding

The 29th U.S. President that ends the Progressive Era and returns the U.S. to pro-business ideals

Calvin Coolidge

Harding’s Vice President and the 30th U.S. President known to continue Harding’s pro-business ideals

“Return to Normalcy”

Harding’s campaign slogan as he was running for office

McNary-Haugen Bill

A potential solution to the overproduction that farmers experience that says that the government will buy surplus crops, but it is vetoed by Coolidge

Dawes Plan

A plan for European country sustainability where U.S. banks will loan money to Germany, Germany will pay reparations to Britain and France, and the U.S. will get their money back, led to propped-up prosperity where countries will fall if one country does poorly

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A tariff in 1930 implemented by Hoover that raises already high tariff rates because of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, aimed at gathering as much money as possible as a last-ditch effort

Herbert Hoover

The 31st U.S. President who continued to emphasize pro-business ideals but was also largely attributed with the blame of the depression

Buying on the Margin

A method of paying for stocks that involves making small down payments for stock and then paying it off as it makes profits, which places people with major debt if stock prices fall

Installment Buying

The expansion of credit plans that largely left people with huge debts and unstable industries once the depression kicked in

Bonus Army

A large Great Depression protest where WWI veterans that were supposed to get a pension marched to DC and squatted in offices, the U.S. army is called to get them out where it gets violent and some get killed

Model T/Mass Production

Henry Ford experts in Taylorism with his assembly line, leading to the affordability and availability of cars in the 1920s and the movement of mass production

Dust Bowl

A large drought and over-usage of land in the Great Plains that renders farming for most Americans there impossible

Black Tuesday

The day the stock market crashes on Oct 29th, 1929, because everyone sold their stocks as they even began to plummet

Hoovervilles

Places where homeless people crowd during the Great Depression, where the namesake is inspired by the public’s hatred of Hoover

*Coronado Coal v. United Mine Workers*

An example of a retreat of the Supreme Court to pro-business ideals by using the Sherman-Anti Trust act against a labor union