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voluntary
skeletal muscles that are generally under conscious control
involuntary
smooth muscles and cardiac muscles that are not under completely conscious, voluntary control
skeletal muscles
primary function is to move the parts of the skeleton
smooth muscles
consists of shorter, wider cells in a looser arrangement
cardiac muscles
muscles found in the heart
temporalis
masseter
name one of the muscles that connect the mandible to the cranium and function to close the jaw.
trapezius
one of the most important muscles in shoulder movement; located in your back on either side of your spine; permit you to pull your shoulders back or to shrug
intercostal muscles
muscles between the ribs
biceps
allow you to bend your forearms; located on the front of each upper arm
triceps
extending or straightening the arms; located on the backs of your arms
pectoralis major
the largest of the chest muscles; extends from the sternum toward the outside of the chest, where it narrows to form a tendon that connects to the humerus; you use these muscles to shove your arms forward, such as when pushing away from an object or doing push-ups
rectus abdominis
extend from the bottom of the sternum to the front of the pelvic girdle; you use these muscles whenever you sit up from a reclining position
gluteus maximus
largest and strongest muscles in your whole body; pull your upper legs downward, away from the body and toward the rear
quadriceps femoris
a group of four muscles; located in the front of each thigh, that are all connected to the tibia
hamstrings
a group of three muscles in the back of each thigh that work together to bend the leg at the knees
carpal tunnel
most common special tunnel in the wrist
gastrocnemius
largest muscle of the calf; forms the bulge on the upper back part of your calf; main job is to extend the foot downward by pulling up on the heel via the achilles tendon
fascia
a tough, translucent sheath that the entire biceps muscle is encased in; binds the muscle together
sarcomeres
millions of overlapping protein fibers arranged in repeating units; give skeletal muscle its banded, or striated, appearance
neuromuscular junction
the point at which a motor neuron connects to a muscle cell
motor unit
the motor neuron and the group of muscle cells it controls
atrophy
muscle degeneration
hypertrophy
enlargement of muscles through use
white fibers
fast-twitch fibers; muscle fibers containing fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin
red fibers
slow-twitch fibers; muscle fibers that contain many mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin
central nervous system
includes the brain and the spinal cord
meninges
composed of an outer layer called the dura mater, a middle layer called the arachnoid mater, and an inner layer called the pia mater
brain
the principal organ of the nervous system
spinal cord
thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity
cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater, cushioning the brain when you bump your head
neurons
the actual nerve cells
glial cells
support and insulate nerve tissue
gray matter
found within the brain and spinal cord; consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons and is gray because the cell bodies lack the white, specialized covering known as myelin
white matter
composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content
interneurons
neuron that relays signals between neurons or groups of neurons and is involved in information processing
sensory neurons
neuron that transmits information from the senses to the central nervous system
motor neurons
neuron that relays signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body
blood-brain barrier
protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick
meningitis
disease caused when invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges
polio
a serious disease that attacks the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves
sympathetic
parasympathetic
name the two divisions of the hypothalamus
multiple sclerosis
a disease of the brain and spinal cord; occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for nerve cell axons
paralysis
the inability of the muscles to move
action potential
brief pulse of positive charge that travels down the axon of a neuron that has been triggered to fire
synapse
an enclosed junction between two neuÂrons or a neuron and another cell
parkinson’s disease
affects the patient’s control of posture and movement; it is characterized by tremors (shaking) and stiffness of the limbs
reflex
the simplest act of the nervous system; a quick, automatic response
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum
occipital lobe
located at the back of the brain; sense of vision is interpreted by this
cerebral palsy
damage to the cerebral motor area before or shortly after birth
cerebellum
second largest brain region; behind the brain stem and just below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
reticular formation
“master switch of the cerebrum”
hypothalamus
control unit for your body’s automatic systems; below the thalamus; responsible for the physical effects of emotions
thalamus
acts like a switchboard, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses from various parts of the body to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex
sensorineural deafness
partial or complete hearing loss caused by repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds
behaviorism
a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli
coma
prolonged unconscious state that may not be reversible
tetanus
disease caused by the soil bacterium clostridium tetani, whose toxin damages motor nerves, resulting in death if untreated; also called lockjaw because severe spasms of the jaw muscles make it hard to open the mouth
acute confusion
disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body; one of the most common disorders of the elderly
dementia
the disorder that results from the slow process of natural nerve loss; becomes noticeable b/w the ages of 70-80 (old people)
alzheimer’s disease
disease similar to dementia but more severe and sometimes occurring much earlier in life
nearsightedness
unable to see near but can see far away; myopia
farsightedness
able to see far away but not close up; hyperopia
astigmatism
focusing problem
presbyopia
condition of farsightedness brought on by age
colorblind
people who can’t see one or more of the primary colors
nightblindness
when your eyes don’t adjust in dim light
glaucoma
common cause of blindness; condition when the pressure of the fluid inside the eye becomes higher than normal causing permanent damage to the cells of the optic nerve
macronutrients
any of the group of nutrients, consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that are needed in relatively large amounts; your body’s primary source of energy and building materials
micronutrients
any of the group of nutrients, consisting of vitamins and minerals, that are needed in relatively small amounts
digestion
the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less complex molecules