History 110 Midterm ch 17/18

scientific revolution

refers to the rapid advances in European scientific, mathematical, and political thought, based on a new philosophy of empiricism and a faith in progress that defined Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.

geocentric theory

is an astronomical theory which describes the universe as a Geocentric system, i.e., a system which puts the Earth in the center of the universe, and describes other objects from the point of view of the Earth.Dec 24, 2016

heliocentric theory

The theory that the earth revolves around the Sun.

world machine

God created in the beginning the material particles, the forces between them, and the fundamental laws of motion. In this way the whole universe was set in motion, and it has continued to run ever since, like a machine, governed by immutable laws.

enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

scientific method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

philosophes

were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment.

separation of powers

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

deism

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.

laissez-faire

abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market.

feminism

the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

Rococo

(of furniture or architecture) of or characterized by an elaborately ornamental late baroque style of decoration prevalent in 18th-century Continental Europe, with asymmetrical patterns involving motifs and scrollwork.

high culture

encompasses the cultural products of aesthetic value, which a society collectively esteem as exemplary art. It may also include intellectual works considered to be of supreme philosophical, historical, or literary value, as well as the education which cultivates such aesthetic and intellectual pursuits.

popular culture

culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite.

cottage industry

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.

patrician

an aristocrat or nobleman.

rentier

a person living on income from property or investments.

natural rights

Rights that people supposedly have under natural law. The Declaration of Independence of the United States lists life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

enlightened absolutism

refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power. The concept originated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th and into the early 19th centuries.

old order

a conservative late 19th century Christian movement among the Amish and other Anabaptist groups. The Ancien Régime, a term for the aristocratic system before the French Revolution.

old regime

the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the French Revolution.

nationalism

is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty over the homeland.

continental system

was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France against the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.

banners

Units of the Qing army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.

Dyarchy

government by two independent authorities (especially in India 1919-35).

kowtow

kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom.

ronin

(in feudal Japan) a wandering samurai who had no lord or master.

eta

outcaste, or "untouchable," Japanese minority, occupying the lowest level of the traditional Japanese social system.

Yangban

were part of the traditional ruling class or gentry of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty.

Chonmin

Korean slave class. Clan. or lineage, extended kinship unit consisting of dozens or hundreds of joint and nuclear families linked together by a clan council of elders.

Emperor Kangxi

was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Shanhai Pass near Beijing, and the second Qing emperor to rule over that part of China, from 1661 to 1722.

Matteo Ricci

was an Italian Jesuit missionary who opened China to evangelization. He was the best-known Jesuit and European in China prior to the 20th century.

qing

Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.

Chen Hongmou

was a Chinese official, scholar, and philosopher, who is widely regarded as a model official of the Qing Dynasty.