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anaerobic bacteria
bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen.
bacteriuria
the existence of bacteria in urine
bladder
a muscular pouch that stores urine until it is expelled.
Bowman's capsule
a capsule that surrounds the glomerulus.
calculi
plural form of calculus- stones; solidified masses usually formed from mineral salts.
calculus
also known as a stone -solidified mass usually formed from mineral salts.
capillary
the tiniest blood vessel.
casts
elements formed in the renal tubules consisting of Tamm-Horsfall protein.
chromagen
a chemical used to produce a colored end product in a chemical reaction.
conjugated bilirubin
This form of bilirubin can be found in the urine because it is water soluble.
cortical nephrons
nephrons located within the renal cortex.
crystals
elements formed from the solutes in the urine.
cystitis
inflammation associated with the bladder.
dehydration
reduction of fluid in the body.
diabetes mellitus
a medical condition that results in high plasma glucose levels due to decreased or dysfunctional insulin.
dysuria
pain associated with urination.
electrolytes
chemicals in the body that carry an electric charge.
enzyme
a biological catalyst used to accelerate a chemical reaction.
glomerulonephritis
inflammation and damage associated with the glomerulus.
glomerulus
convoluted capillary network within the nephron (also known as the renal corpuscle).
hematuria
the presence of erythrocytes in the urine.
hemoglobinuria
Free hemoglobin in the urine.
hypersthenuric
Urine specific gravity results greater than 1.010.
hyposthenuric
Urine specific gravity results less than 1.010.
intravenous pyelogram
an imaging procedure used to view the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
ionic
constituents with a charge.
isosthenuric
Urine specific gravity results of 1.010 on multiple specimens from the same patient.
jaundice
The yellowing of eyes, skin, and tissues due to increased levels of bilirubin.
juxtamedullary nephrons
nephrons within the renal medulla.
kidneys
organs responsible for urine formation and concentration.
metabolite
the product left after a medication has been broken down in the body.
myoglobin
protein associated with muscle tissue.
myoglobinuria
the existence of myoglobin in the urine.
necrosis
death of tissue and cells.
oliguria
decreased voiding of urine.
nephrons
functional units of the kidney.
nocturia
increased voiding of urine at night.
polydipsia
extreme thirst.
polyuria
increased voiding of urine.
proteinuria
protein detected in the urine.
pyelonephritis
Inflammation or infection of the nephrons.
pyuria
the presence of leukocytes in the urine.
reagent
the substance or chemical in the test that reacts with the item of interest to be detected.
reference interval
the range of laboratory test values expected for healthy individuals.
renal
associated with the kidney.
renal corpuscle
convoluted capillary network within the nephron (also known as the glomerulus).
solutes
dissolved substances.
standard precautions
The minimum infection prevention measures that apply to all patients or patient specimens, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient.
Tamm-Horsfall protein
protein produced by the renal tubules (uromodulin).
ureter
a muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.
urea
a by-product formed as a result of the breakdown of protein.
urethra
a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of body.
urobilin
the pigment that gives feces the characteristic brown color formed from the oxidation of urobilinogen.
urochrome
the pigment in urine responsible for its typical yellow appearance.
uromodulin
protein produced by the renal tubules (also known as Tamm Horsfall protein).
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