paychilogucal disordrrs

Dysfunction

Disrupts daily life.

Distress

Causes emotional suffering (to self or others).

Deviance

Violates social or cultural norms.

The DSM-5

Diagnostic manual listing symptoms and criteria for all recognized psychological disorders.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Difficulty with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

ADHD

Symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity often begins in childhood.

Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive memory loss and cognitive decline; irreversible and degenerative.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, low energy. Linked to low serotonin levels.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Long-lasting depression, but less severe than MDD.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Depression during specific seasons; treated with light therapy.

Learned Helplessness (Seligman)

When someone feels powerless after repeated negative experiences.

Attribution styles affect depression risk

Internal, global, stable → more likely to be depressed. External, specific, unstable → healthier thinking.

Bipolar I

Full manic episodes with or without depression.

Bipolar II

Hypomania (less intense) + at least one depressive episode.

Specific Phobias

e.g., claustrophobia, arachnophobia, agoraphobia.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of social situations or being judged.

Taijin Kyofusho

Japanese culture-bound fear of offending others socially.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive worry about everyday things.

Panic Attacks

Sudden intense fear with physical symptoms.

OCD

Obsessions (unwanted thoughts) + compulsions (repetitive behaviors).

Hoarding Disorder

Trouble discarding items, excessive clutter.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Distorted body image; obsession with minor or imagined flaws.

PTSD

Triggered by traumatic events. Symptoms include flashbacks, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal.

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Psychological problems manifest as physical symptoms.

Dissociative Amnesia

Memory loss with no physical cause.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Two or more identities.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Severe distortion in thought, perception, and behavior.

Delusions

False beliefs (e.g., persecution, grandeur).

Hallucinations

Perceiving things that aren't there (often auditory).

Disorganized speech

Neologisms (made-up words), clang associations (rhyming).

Catatonia

Freezing or remaining motionless for long periods.

Flat affect

Lack of emotional expression.

Positive vs. Negative Symptoms

Positive: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior.

Negative Symptoms

Flat affect, social withdrawal, low motivation.

Positive Symptoms

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior.

Dopamine hypothesis

Too much dopamine activity.

Antipsychotics

Block dopamine and reduce symptoms.

L-Dopa

Increases dopamine and can induce symptoms.

Brain structure abnormalities

Enlarged ventricles, brain asymmetry.

Genetics of schizophrenia

1% in general population, ~50% if identical twin has it.

Environmental triggers

Stress or double binds (conflicting messages) may trigger it.

Personality Disorders

Long-term, inflexible patterns of behavior that impair social functioning.

Paranoid PD

Distrustful, suspicious.

Schizoid PD

Detached from social relationships.

Schizotypal PD

Odd thinking, discomfort in close relationships.

Antisocial PD

Lack of empathy, violates others' rights.

Borderline PD

Instability in emotions and relationships.

Histrionic PD

Attention-seeking, dramatic.

Narcissistic PD

Grandiosity, need for admiration.

Avoidant PD

Fear of rejection, social inhibition.

Dependent PD

Clingy, needs constant reassurance.

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

Perfectionism, control (different from OCD).

Paraphilic Disorders

Involve distressing or harmful sexual behaviors.

Fetishistic

Objects/body parts.

Voyeuristic

Watching others without consent.

Exhibitionistic

Flashing others.

Frotteuristic

Rubbing against strangers.

Masochism

Arousal from being hurt.

Sadism

Arousal from hurting others.

Pedophilic

Attraction to children.

Transvestic

Arousal from cross-dressing (only a disorder if distressing).

Anorexia Nervosa

Starvation, fear of weight gain, distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

Bingeing + purging (vomiting, laxatives).

Binge-Eating Disorder

Bingeing without purging; leads to distress.

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Diagnosed when substance use negatively affects life.

Tolerance

Involves needing more of a substance to achieve the same effect.

Withdrawal

Symptoms that occur when substance use is reduced or stopped.

Rosenhan Study (1978)

Study where fake patients claimed to hear voices and were labeled as mentally ill.

Disadvantages of Labels

Misdiagnosis, stigma and bias from professionals, normal behavior interpreted as abnormal.

Advantages of Labels

Helps with diagnosis and treatment planning, easier communication among professionals, access to support and resources.

Psychodynamic perspective

Focuses on unconscious conflicts and repressed trauma.

Behaviorist perspective

Focuses on learned behaviors and reinforcement.

Cognitive perspective

Focuses on faulty or irrational thought patterns.

Humanistic perspective

Focuses on issues with self-esteem or self-concept.

Sociocultural perspective

Focuses on discrimination, cultural pressures, and social roles.

Biomedical perspective

Focuses on genetics, brain chemistry, and brain structure.

Biopsychosocial model

Combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Genetic predisposition + stress = disorder.

Eclectic approach

Uses a mix of approaches.